Ion-Acoustic Instabilities in a Multi-Ion Plasma

Figure 4

Plot of the growth rate 𝛾 (5) versus 𝑣_ts (𝑢_⟂𝑠=100×10⁵cms⁻¹, 𝑘=0.004cm⁻¹). Other relevant parameters are the same as in Figure 2. Curve (a) is for a single ion plasma without any ring ions. Curve (b) has a H⁺ ring, curve (c) has an O⁺ ring, curve (d) has an O⁻ ring, and for curve (e) all species of ring ions are present.