Lymphatics and Lymphangiogenesis in the Eye

Table 1

Growth factors and cytokines in corneal lymphangiogenesis assay. Various growth factors or cytokines induce lymphangiogenesis as well as angiogenesis with or without VEGFR-3 activation.

Growth factor/cytokine	Angiogenesis	Lymphangiogenesis	Via VEGFR-3	Reference
VEGF-A (160–200 ng)	++	+/−	Yes/No	[22–24]
VEGF-A (400 ng)	++	+	?	[31]
VEGF-C (160–400 ng)	+	+/++	Yes	[22, 25]
VEGF-C156S (80 ng)	+	+	Yes	[26]
FGF-2 (12.5 ng)	−	+	Yes	[30]
FGF-2 (80–100 ng)	++	++	Yes	[29]
HGF (280 ng)	+	+	Yes	[28]
PDGF-BB (320 ng)	+	+	No	[27]
IGF-1 (1 μg)	+	+	No	[21]
IL-1β (30–50 ng)	+	+	Yes	[32, 33]