Journal Menu
- About this Journal
- Abstracting and Indexing
- Aims and Scope
- Annual Issues
- Article Processing Charges
- Articles in Press
- Author Guidelines
- Bibliographic Information
- Citations to this Journal
- Contact Information
- Editorial Board
- Editorial Workflow
- Free eTOC Alerts
- Publication Ethics
- Reviewers Acknowledgment
- Submit a Manuscript
- Subscription Information
- Table of Contents
Journal of Robotics
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 401613, 14 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/401613
Review Article
Medical Robots: Current Systems and Research Directions
Department of Engineering Technology and Industrial Distribution, Texas A&M University, 3367 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
Received 10 March 2012; Revised 19 June 2012; Accepted 6 July 2012
Academic Editor: Farrokh Janabi-Sharifi
Copyright © 2012 Ryan A. Beasley. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Linked References
- Intuitive Surgical Incorporation, “Webpage on da Vinci clinical evidence,” March 2012, http://www.intuitivesurgical.com/company/clinical-evidence.
- Intuitive Surgical Incorporation, “Webpage on da Vinci regulatory approval,” March 2012, http://www.intuitivesurgical.com/company/regulatory-clearance.html.
- H. Lavery, D. Samadi, and A. Levinson, “Not a zero-sum game: the adoption of robotics has increased overall prostatectomy utilization in the united states,” in Proceedings of the American Urological Association Annual Meeting, Poster Session, Washington, DC, USA, 2011.
- R. D. Howe and Y. Matsuoka, “Robotics for surgery,” Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, vol. 1, pp. 211–240, 1999. View at Scopus
- B. Davies, “A review of robotics in surgery,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers H, vol. 214, no. 1, pp. 129–140, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- R. H. Taylor and D. Stoianovici, “Medical robotics in computer-integrated surgery,” IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 765–781, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. R. Lanfranco, A. E. Castellanos, J. P. Desai, and W. C. Meyers, “Robotic surgery: a current perspective,” Annals of Surgery, vol. 239, no. 1, pp. 14–21, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- P. Berkelman, J. Troccaz, and P. Cinquin, “Body-supported medical robots: a survey,” Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics, vol. 16, pp. 513–519, 2004.
- L. Guo, X. Pan, Q. Li, F. Zheng, and Z. Bao, “A survey on the gastrointestinal capsule micro-robot based on wireless and optoelectronic technology,” Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 123–127, 2012.
- C. Stüer, F. Ringel, M. Stoffel, A. Reinke, M. Behr, and B. Meyer, “Robotic technology in spine surgery: current applications and future developments,” Intraoperative Imaging, vol. 109, pp. 241–245, 2011. View at Scopus
- S. Badaan and D. Stoianovici, “Robotic systems: past, present, and future,” in Robotics in Genitourinary Surgery, pp. 655–665, Springer, New York, NY, USA, 2011.
- I. Singh, “Robotics in urological surgery: review of current status and maneuverability, and comparison of robot-assisted and traditional laparoscopy,” Computer Aided Surgery, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 38–45, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. P. Moustris, S. C. Hiridis, K. M. Deliparaschos, and K. M. Konstantinidis, “Evolution of autonomous and semi-autonomous robotic surgical systems: a review of the literature,” International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 375–392, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- B. Challacombe and D. Stoianovici, “The basic science of robotic surgery,” in Urologic Robotic Surgery in Clinical Practice, pp. 1–23, 2009.
- H. Kenngott, L. Fischer, F. Nickel, J. Rom, J. Rassweiler, and B. Muller-Stich, “Status of robotic assistance: a less traumatic and more accurate minimally invasive surgery?” Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery, vol. 397, no. 3, pp. 1–9, 2012.
- P. Gomes, “Surgical robotics: reviewing the past, analysing the present, imagining the future,” Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 261–266, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. M. Okamura, M. J. Matarić, and H. I. Christensen, “Medical and health-care robotics,” IEEE Robotics and Automation Magazine, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 26–37, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. Najarian, M. Fallahnezhad, and E. Afshari, “Advances in medical robotic systems with specific applications in surgery—a review,” Journal of Medical Engineering and Technology, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 19–33, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. Rosen, B. Hannaford, and R. Satava, Eds., Surgical Robotics: Systems Applications and Visions, Springer, New York, NY, USA, 2011.
- N. Nathoo, M. C. Çavuşoǧlu, M. A. Vogelbaum, and G. H. Barnett, “In touch with robotics: neurosurgery for the future,” Neurosurgery, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 421–431, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- T. Haidegger, L. Kovacs, G. Fordos, Z. Benyo, and P. Kazanzides, “Future trends in robotic neurosurgery,” in Proceedings of the 14th Nordic-Baltic Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics (NBC '08), pp. 229–233, Springer, June 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- Y. S. Kwoh, J. Hou, E. A. Jonckheere, and S. Hayati, “A robot with improved absolute positioning accuracy for CT guided stereotactic brain surgery,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 153–160, 1988. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- D. Glauser, H. Fankhauser, M. Epitaux, J. L. Hefti, and A. Jaccottet, “Neurosurgical robot Minerva: first results and current developments,” Journal of Image Guided Surgery, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 266–272, 1995. View at Scopus
- T. R. K. Varma and P. Eldridge, “Use of the NeuroMate stereotactic robot in a frameless mode for functional neurosurgery,” International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 107–113, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- Q. H. Li, L. Zamorano, A. Pandya, R. Perez, J. Gong, and F. Diaz, “The application accuracy of the NeuroMate robot—a quantitative comparison with frameless and frame-based surgical localization systems,” Computer Aided Surgery, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 90–98, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- P. Morgan, T. Carter, S. Davis et al., “The application accuracy of the pathfinder neurosurgical robot,” in International Congress Series, vol. 1256, pp. 561–567, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2003.
- G. Deacon, A. Harwood, J. Holdback et al., “The pathfinder image-guided surgical robot,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers H, vol. 224, no. 5, pp. 691–713, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. Brodie and S. Eljamel, “Evaluation of a neurosurgical robotic system to make accurate burr holes,” International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 101–106, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- L. Joskowicz, R. Shamir, Z. Israel, Y. Shoshan, and M. Shoham, “Renaissance robotic system for keyhole cranial neurosurgery: in-vitro accuracy study,” in Proceedings of the Simposio Mexicano en Ciruga Asistida por Computadora y Procesamiento de Imgenes Mdicas (MexCAS '11), 2011.
- D. P. Devito, L. Kaplan, R. Dietl et al., “Clinical acceptance and accuracy assessment of spinal implants guided with spineassist surgical robot: retrospective study,” Spine, vol. 35, no. 24, pp. 2109–2115, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. Yang, J. Jung, J. Kim et al., “Current and future of spinal robot surgery,” Korean Journal of Spine, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 61–65, 2010.
- J. E. Lang, S. Mannava, A. J. Floyd et al., “Robotic systems in orthopaedic surgery,” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery B, vol. 93, no. 10, pp. 1296–1299, 2011.
- W. L. Bargar, A. Bauer, and M. Börner, “Primary and revision total hip replacement using the robodoc system,” Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, vol. 354, pp. 82–91, 1998. View at Scopus
- A. P. Schulz, K. Seide, C. Queitsch et al., “Results of total hip replacement using the Robodoc surgical assistant system: clinical outcome and evaluation of complications for 97 procedures,” International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 301–306, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- P. Kazanzides, J. Zuhars, B. Mittelstadt, and R. H. Taylor, “Force sensing and control for a surgical robot,” in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, pp. 612–617, May 1992. View at Scopus
- A. D. Pearle, P. F. O'Loughlin, and D. O. Kendoff, “Robot-assisted unicompartmental knee arthroplasty,” Journal of Arthroplasty, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 230–237, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. D. Pearle, D. Kendoff, V. Stueber, V. Musahl, and J. A. Repicci, “Perioperative management of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty using the MAKO robotic arm system (MAKOplasty),” American Journal of Orthopedics, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 16–19, 2009. View at Scopus
- C. Plaskos, P. Cinquin, S. Lavallée, and A. J. Hodgson, “Praxiteles: a miniature bone-mounted robot for minimal access total knee arthroplasty,” The International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 67–79, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- D. Koulalis, P. F. O'Loughlin, C. Plaskos, D. Kendoff, M. B. Cross, and A. D. Pearle, “Sequential versus automated cutting guides in computer-assisted total knee arthroplasty,” Knee, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 436–442, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. Brisson, T. Kanade, A. DiGioia, and B. Jaramaz, “Precision freehand sculpting of bone,” in Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention (MICCAI '04), pp. 105–112, September 2004. View at Scopus
- G. Brisson, The Precision Freehand Sculptor: a Robotic Tool for Less Invasive Joint Replacement Surgery, ProQuest, 2008.
- P. L. Yen and B. L. Davies, “Active constraint control for image-guided robotic surgery,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers H, vol. 224, no. 5, pp. 623–631, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. G. Harrell and B. T. Heniford, “Minimally invasive abdominal surgery: lux et veritas past, present, and future,” American Journal of Surgery, vol. 190, no. 2, pp. 239–243, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. Dogangil, B. L. Davies, and F. Rodriguez Y Baena, “A review of medical robotics for minimally invasive soft tissue surgery,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers H, vol. 224, no. 5, pp. 653–679, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- C. Kuo and J. Dai, “Robotics for minimally invasive surgery: a historical review from the perspective of kinematics,” in Proceedings of the International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms, pp. 337–354, Springer, 2009.
- S. J. Harris, F. Arambula-Cosio, and Q. Mei, “The probot—an active robot for prostate resection,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers H, vol. 211, no. 4, pp. 317–325, 1997. View at Scopus
- G. H. Ballantyne, “Robotic surgery, telerobotic surgery, telepresence, and telementoring: review of early clinical results,” Surgical Endoscopy and Other Interventional Techniques, vol. 16, no. 10, pp. 1389–1402, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. T. Sung and I. S. Gill, “Robotic laparoscopic surgery: a comparison of the da Vinci and Zeus systems,” Urology, vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 893–898, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. Marescaux, J. Leroy, M. Gagner et al., “Transatlantic robot-assisted telesurgery,” Nature, vol. 413, no. 6854, pp. 379–380, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- P. Mozer, J. Troccaz, and D. Stoinaovici, “Robotics in urology: past, present, and future,” in Atlas of Robotic Urologic Surgery, L. Su, Ed., Current Clinical Urology, ch. 1, pp. 3–13, Springer, New York, NY, USA, 2011.
- K. Shah and R. Abaza, “Comparison of intraoperative outcomes using the new and old generation da Vinci robot for robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy,” British Journal of Urology International, vol. 108, no. 10, pp. 1642–1645, 2011.
- J. Bodner, H. Wykypiel, G. Wetscher, and T. Schmid, “First experiences with the da Vinci operating robot in thoracic surgery,” European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 844–851, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Tewari, A. Srivasatava, and M. Menon, “A prospective comparison of radical retropubic and robot-assisted prostatectomy: experience in one institution,” British Journal of Urology International, vol. 92, no. 3, pp. 205–210, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. Maeso, M. Reza, J. A. Mayol et al., “Efficacy of the da Vinci surgical system in abdominal surgery compared with that of laparoscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis,” Annals of Surgery, vol. 252, no. 2, pp. 254–262, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- R. E. Link, S. B. Bhayani, and L. R. Kavoussi, “A prospective comparison of robotic and laparoscopic pyeloplasty,” Annals of Surgery, vol. 243, no. 4, pp. 486–491, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Amodeo, A. Linares Quevedo, J. V. Joseph, E. Belgrano, and H. R. H. Patel, “Robotic laparoscopic surgery: cost and training,” Minerva Urologica e Nefrologica, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 121–128, 2009. View at Scopus
- W. Jeong, F. Petros, and C. Rogers, Robotic Surgery: Basic Instrumentation and Troubleshooting, ch. 72, Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2012.
- M. A. Lerner, M. Ayalew, W. J. Peine, and C. P. Sundaram, “Does training on a virtual reality robotic simulator improve performance on the da Vinci surgical system?” Journal of Endourology, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 467–472, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- K. Cleary and T. M. Peters, “Image-guided interventions: technology review and clinical applications,” Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, vol. 12, pp. 119–142, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. E. Hagen, O. J. Wagner, I. Inan et al., “Robotic single-incision transabdominal and transvaginal surgery: initial experience with intersecting robotic arms,” International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 251–255, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. Kroh, K. El-Hayek, S. Rosenblatt et al., “First human surgery with a novel single-port robotic system: cholecystectomy using the da Vinci Single-Site platform,” Surgical Endoscopy, vol. 25, no. 11, pp. 3566–3573, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. Stark, T. Benhidjeb, S. Gidaro, and E. Morales, “The future of telesurgery: a universal system with haptic sensation,” Journal of the Turkish-German Gynecological Association, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 74–76, 2012.
- S. DiMaio and S. Salcudean, “Needle steering and model-based trajectory planning,” in Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention (MICCAI '03), pp. 33–40, 2003.
- H. Delingette, “Toward realistic soft-tissue modeling in medical simulation,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 86, no. 3, pp. 512–523, 1998. View at Scopus
- A. Melzer, B. Gutmann, T. Remmele et al., “Innomotion for percutaneous image-guided interventions,” IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 66–73, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. Li, A. Kapoor, D. Mazilu, and K. A. Horvath, “Pneumatic actuated robotic assistant system for aortic valve replacement under MRI guidance,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 443–451, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. Zangos, A. Melzer, K. Eichler et al., “MR-compatible assistance system for biopsy in a high-field-strength system: initial results in patients with suspicious prostate lesions,” Radiology, vol. 259, no. 3, pp. 903–910, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- H. J. Swan, W. Ganz, J. Forrester, H. Marcus, G. Diamond, and D. Chonette, “Catheterization of the heart in man with use of a flow-directed balloon-tipped catheter,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 283, no. 9, pp. 447–451, 1970. View at Scopus
- M. R. Franz, D. Burkhoff, and H. Spurgeon, “In vitro validation of a new cardiac catheter technique for recording monophasic action potentials,” European Heart Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 34–41, 1986. View at Scopus
- J. M. Gore, R. J. Goldberg, D. H. Spodick, J. S. Alpert, and J. E. Dalen, “A community-wide assessment of the use of pulmonary artery catheters in patients with acute myocardial infarction,” Chest, vol. 92, no. 4, pp. 721–727, 1987. View at Scopus
- D. Steven, H. Servatius, T. Rostock et al., “Reduced fluoroscopy during atrial fibrillation ablation: benefits of robotic guided navigation,” Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 6–12, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- V. Y. Reddy, P. Neuzil, Z. J. Malchano et al., “View-synchronized robotic image-guided therapy for atrial fibrillation ablation: experimental validation and clinical feasibility,” Circulation, vol. 115, no. 21, pp. 2705–2714, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- K. R. J. Chun, B. Schmidt, B. Köktürk et al., “Catheter ablation—new developments in robotics,” Herz, vol. 33, no. 8, pp. 586–589, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- C. V. Riga, C. D. Bicknell, D. Wallace, M. Hamady, and N. Cheshire, “Robot-assisted antegrade in-situ fenestrated stent grafting,” CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 522–524, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. Ernst, F. Ouyang, C. Linder et al., “Initial experience with remote catheter ablation using a novel magnetic navigation system,” Circulation, vol. 109, no. 12, pp. 1472–1475, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. K. R. Chun, S. Ernst, S. Matthews et al., “Remote-controlled catheter ablation of accessory pathways: results from the magnetic laboratory,” European Heart Journal, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 190–195, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- L. Leksell, “Stereotactic radiosurgery,” Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, vol. 46, no. 9, pp. 797–803, 1983. View at Scopus
- R. Schulz and N. Agazaryan, Shaped-Beam Radiosurgery: State of the Art, Springer, New York, NY, USA, 2011.
- J. R. Adler Jr., S. D. Chang, M. J. Murphy, J. Doty, P. Geis, and S. L. Hancock, “The cyberknife: a frameless robotic system for radiosurgery,” Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, vol. 69, no. 1–4, pp. 124–128, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. J. Gagnon, N. M. Nasr, J. J. Liao et al., “Treatment of spinal tumors using cyberKnife fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery: pain and quality-of-life assessment after treatment in 200 patients,” Neurosurgery, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 297–306, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. Hoogeman, J. B. Prevost, J. Nuyttens, J. Poll, P. Levendag, and B. Heijmen, “Clinical accuracy of the respiratory tumor tracking system of the cyberknife: assessment by analysis of log files,” International Journal of Radiation Oncology *Biology* Physics, vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 297–303, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. P. Rock, S. Ryu, F. F. Yin, F. Schreiber, and M. Abdulhak, “The evolving role of stereotactic radiosurgery and stereotactic radiation therapy for patients with spine tumors,” Journal of Neuro-Oncology, vol. 69, no. 1–3, pp. 319–334, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- R. E. Wurm, S. Erbel, I. Schwenkert et al., “Novalis frameless image-guided noninvasive radiosurgery: initial experience,” Neurosurgery, vol. 62, no. 5, pp. A11–A17, 2008. View at Scopus
- Z. Chang, T. Liu, J. Cai, Q. Chen, Z. Wang, and F. Yin, “Evaluation of integrated respiratory gating systems on a novalis tx system,” Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, vol. 12, no. 3, article 3495, 2011.
- A. Liu, N. Agazaryan, C. Yu, H. Han, T. Schultheiss, and J. Wong, “A multi-center consortium study of competing platforms for intracranial stereotactic irradiation,” International Journal of Radiation Oncology *Biology* Physics, vol. 72, supplement 1, pp. S213–S213, 2008.
- M. Abacioglu, “Advances in technology in radiation oncology,” Oncology, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 11–14, 2012.
- H. R. Halperin, N. Paradis, J. P. Ornato et al., “Cardiopulmonary resuscitation with a novel chest compression device in a porcine model of cardiac arrest: improved hemodynamics and mechanisms,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 44, no. 11, pp. 2214–2220, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Hallstrom, T. D. Rea, M. R. Sayre et al., “Manual chest compression vs use of an automated chest compression device during resuscitation following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized trial,” Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 295, no. 22, pp. 2620–2628, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- R. Palmer, “Integrated diagnostic and treatment devices for enroute critical care of patients within theater,” in Proceedings of the RTO Human Factors and Medicine Panel Symposium, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, October 2010.
- R. Seymour, B. Engbretson, K. Kott et al., “Comparison between the C-leg microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knee and non-microprocessor control prosthetic knees: a preliminary study of energy expenditure, obstacle course performance, and quality of life survey,” Prosthetics and Orthotics International, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 51–61, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- O. Otr, H. A. Reinders-Messelink, R. M. Bongers, H. Bouwsema, and C. K. Van Der Sluis, “The i-LIMB hand and the DMC plus hand compared: a case report,” Prosthetics and Orthotics International, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 216–220, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- K. Low, “Robot-assisted gait rehabilitation: from exoskeletons to gait systems,” in Proceedings of the Defense Science Research Conference and Expo (DSR '11), pp. 1–10, August 2011.
- J. Rosen and J. C. Perry, “Upper limb powered exoskeleton,” International Journal of Humanoid Robotics, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 529–548, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- H. Kazerooni, “Exoskeletons for human performance augmentation,” in Springer Handbook of Robotics, B. Siciliano and O. Khatib, Eds., Springer, New York, NY, USA, 2008.
- R. Bogue, “Exoskeletons and robotic prosthetics: a review of recent developments,” Industrial Robot, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 421–427, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. J. Topping and J. K. Smith, “The development of Handy 1. A robotic system to assist the severely disabled,” Technology and Disability, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 95–105, 1999. View at Scopus
- M. Hillman, “Rehabilitation robotics from past to present—a historical perspective,” in Advances in Rehabilitation Robotics, pp. 25–44, Springer, New York, NY, USA, 2004.
- A. Waldner, C. Werner, and S. Hesse, “Robot assisted therapy in neurorehabilitation,” Europa Medicophysica, vol. 44, supplement 1, pp. 1–3, 2008.
- J. L. Dallaway, R. D. Jackson, and P. H. A. Timmers, “Rehabilitation robotics in Europe,” IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 35–45, 1995. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. Busnel, R. Cammoun, F. Coulon-Lauture, J. M. Détriché, G. Le Claire, and B. Lesigne, “The robotized workstation “MASTER” for users with tetraplegia: description and evaluation,” Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 217–229, 1999. View at Scopus
- M. Ceccarelli, “Problems and issues for service robots in new applications,” International Journal of Social Robotics, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 299–312, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- M. J. H. Lum, D. C. W. Friedman, G. Sankaranarayanan et al., “The RAVEN: design and validation of a telesurgery system,” International Journal of Robotics Research, vol. 28, no. 9, pp. 1183–1197, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Simorov, R. Otte, C. Kopietz, and D. Oleynikov, “Review of surgical robotics user interface: what is the best way to control robotic surgery?” Surgical Endoscopy, vol. 26, no. 8, pp. 2117–2125, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- C. Kuo, J. Dai, and P. Dasgupta, “Kinematic design considerations for minimally invasive surgical robots: an overview,” The International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 127–145, 2012.
- C. Wagner, N. Stylopoulos, and R. Howe, “The role of force feedback in surgery: analysis of blunt dissection,” in Proceedings of the 10th Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems, vol. 2002, Citeseer, 2002.
- M. Tavakoli, R. V. Patel, and M. Moallem, “Haptic interaction in robot-assisted endoscopic surgery: a sensorized end-effector,” The International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 53–63, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. M. Okamura, “Haptic feedback in robot-assisted minimally invasive surgery,” Current Opinion in Urology, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 102–107, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- U. Hagn, R. Konietschke, A. Tobergte et al., “DLR MiroSurge: a versatile system for research in endoscopic telesurgery,” International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 183–193, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. Thielmann, U. Seibold, R. Haslinger et al., “MICA—a new generation of versatile instruments in robotic surgery,” in Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS '10), pp. 871–878, October 2010.
- R. Konietschke, T. Ortmaier, H. Weiss, G. Hirzinger, and R. Engelke, “Manipulability and accuracy measures for a medical robot in minimally invasive surgery,” in Advances in Robot Kinematics, 2004.
- G. Sutherland, P. McBeth, and D. Louw, “Neuroarm: an mr compatible robot for microsurgery,” in International Congress Series, vol. 1256, pp. 504–508, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherland, 2003.
- M. J. Lang, A. D. Greer, and G. R. Sutherland, “Intra-operative robotics: NeuroArm,” Intraoperative Imaging, vol. 109, pp. 231–236, 2011. View at Scopus
- D. Stoianovici, D. Song, D. Petrisor et al., “‘MRI Stealth’ robot for prostate interventions,” Minimally Invasive Therapy and Allied Technologies, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 241–248, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- P. Garcia, J. Rosen, C. Kapoor et al., “Trauma pod: a semi-automated telerobotic surgical system,” International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 136–146, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. G. Yuen, P. M. Novotny, and R. D. Howe, “Quasiperiodic predictive filtering for robot-assisted beating heart surgery,” in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA '08), pp. 3875–3880, May 2008. View at Scopus
- N. Patronik, C. Riviere, S. El Qarra, and M. Zenati, “The heartlander: a novel epicardial crawling robot for myocardial injections,” in International Congress Series, vol. 1281, pp. 735–739, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherland, 2005.
- D. Moral Del Agua, N. A. Wood, and C. N. Riviere, “Improved synchronization of heartlander locomotion with physiological cycles,” in Proceedings of the 37th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference (NEBEC '11), April 2011. View at Scopus
- T. Wortman, A. Meyer, O. Dolghi et al., “Miniature surgical robot for laparoendoscopic single-incision colectomy,” Surgical Endoscopy, vol. 26, pp. 727–731, 2012.
- Y. Hayashi, H. Yamamoto, T. Yano, and K. Sugano, “Review: diagnosis and management of mid-gastrointestinal bleeding by double-balloon endoscopy,” Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 109–117, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Van Gossum, M. M. Navas, I. Fernandez-Urien et al., “Capsule endoscopy versus colonoscopy for the detection of polyps and cancer,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 361, no. 3, pp. 264–270, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- D. Cassilly, S. Kantor, L. C. Knight et al., “Gastric emptying of a non-digestible solid: assessment with simultaneous SmartPill pH and pressure capsule, antroduodenal manometry, gastric emptying scintigraphy,” Neurogastroenterology and Motility, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 311–319, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- C. Mc Caffrey, O. Chevalerias, C. O'Mathuna, and K. Twomey, “Swallowable-capsule technology,” IEEE Pervasive Computing, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 23–29, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Moglia, A. Menciassi, and P. Dario, “Recent patents on wireless capsule endoscopy,” Recent Patents on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 24–33, 2008.
- M. C. Roco, “Nanotechnology: convergence with modern biology and medicine,” Current Opinion in Biotechnology, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 337–346, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. Copot, A. Popescu, I. Lung, and A. Moldovanu, “Achievements and perspectives in the field of nanorobotics,” The Romanian Review Precision Mechanics, Optics and Mechatronics, vol. 19, no. 36, pp. 61–66, 2009.
- R. A. Freitas, “What is nanomedicine?” Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 2–9, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- L. Zhang, J. J. Abbott, L. Dong, B. E. Kratochvil, D. Bell, and B. J. Nelson, “Artificial bacterial flagella: fabrication and magnetic control,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 94, no. 6, Article ID 064107, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. Kósa, M. Shoham, and M. Zaaroor, “Propulsion of a swimming micro medical robot,” in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA '05), pp. 1327–1331, April 2005. View at Scopus
- G. Dogangil, O. Ergeneman, J. J. Abbott et al., “Toward targeted retinal drug delivery with wireless magnetic microrobots,” in Proceedings of the IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS '08), pp. 1921–1926, September 2008. View at Scopus
- H. Li, J. Tan, and M. Zhang, “Dynamics modeling and analysis of a swimming microrobot for controlled drug delivery,” IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 220–227, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- T. Ebefors, J. Mattsson, E. Kalvesten, and G. Stemme, “A walking silicon micro-robot,” in Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors and Actuators (Transducers '99), pp. 1202–1205, 1999.
- P. Dumpuri, L. W. Clements, B. M. Dawant, and M. I. Miga, “Model-updated image-guided liver surgery: preliminary results using surface characterization,” Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, vol. 103, no. 2-3, pp. 197–207, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. Brandt, A. Zimolong, L. Carrât et al., “CRIGOS: a compact robot for image-guided orthopedic surgery,” IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 252–260, 1999. View at Scopus