Characteristic PPAR-α PPAR-γ PPAR-δ /β General distribution Liver, heart, kidney,
muscle.
Endothelial cells Heart, intestine,
kidney, pancreas, spleen, muscle, adipose tissue Liver, intestine,
kidney, abdominal adipose tissue, skeletal muscle Natural ligands Saturated and
unsaturated fatty acids; arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids from
the lipoxygenase pathway: 8-S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and leukotriene B4; insulin; oxidized LDL Linoleic acid,
linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentenoic acid, 15-deoxy
12, 14-prostaglandin
J2;
15-LOX metabolites
(9-HODE and 13-HODE) Saturated and
unsaturated fatty acids;
eicosanoids: PGA1 and PGD2 Synthetic agonists Hypolipidemic fibrate
drugs: fenofibrate, genfibrozil; plasticizers, ureidofibrates;
WY14643, JTT-501, GW-2331 and PD72953 Antidiabetic thiazolidinediones: pioglitazone,
troglitazone, rosiglitazone (BRL-49653), MCC-555;
isoxazolidinedione JTT-501; tyrosine-based agonist:
GI2-62570, GW-1929, and GW-7845 from GSK; α -alcoxy-β -phenylpropanoic acid; weak agonist: LTD4 receptor
antagonist LY-171883; COX inhibitors: indomethacin, ibuprofen, fenoprofen,
and flufenamic acid.
Docosohexanoic
derivatives Leukotriene antagonist
L-165041; phenylacetic derivatives L-796449 and L-783483; GW-2433, GW-501516,
GW0742X;
carbaprostacyclin Gene/protein expression
affected Lipoprotein lipase, Apo
CIII, Apo AI, Apo AII, fatty acid transporter protein, Acyl-CoA synthetase,
mitochondrial HMG-CoA synthase, mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 Acyl-CoA
synthetase, fatty acid transporter
protein, CD 36, lipoprotein lipase, TNF-α
mitochondrial
uncoupling protein 1–3; insulin-dependent glucose transporter 4 Fatty acid transporter
protein, CD 36, fatty acid translocase, adipocyte lipid-binding protein,
ABCA1,
14-3-3ε
