Allelopathic Effects of Lantana camara L. Leaf Aqueous Extracts on Germination and Seedling Growth of Capsicum annuum L. and Daucus carota L.

Alemayehu, Yiftusira; Chimdesa, Meseret; Yusuf, Zekeria

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/9557081

Scientifica

On this page

Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusion Data Availability Additional Points Ethical Approval Conflicts of Interest Authors’ Contributions Acknowledgments Supplementary Materials References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2024 | Article ID 9557081 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/9557081

Allelopathic Effects of Lantana camara L. Leaf Aqueous Extracts on Germination and Seedling Growth of Capsicum annuum L. and Daucus carota L.

Yiftusira Alemayehu,¹Meseret Chimdesa,¹and Zekeria Yusuf¹

Academic Editor: Pramod Prasad

Received31 Dec 2023

Revised24 Feb 2024

Accepted18 Mar 2024

Published16 Apr 2024

Abstract

Allelopathy is the chemical interactions between plants that might lead to either stimulation or inhibition of growth, community structure, and plant invasions. Lantana camara L. is a noxious invasive weed that negatively affects seed germination, seedling growth, and increases the mortality of the crop plant. The objective of this work was to assess allelopathic effect of L. camara leaf aqueous extract on germination and seedling growth of Capsicum annuum (pepper) and Daucus carota (carrot). The aqueous extract of Lantana leaf samples was used as a source of allelopathic effects. Data were collected for germination and seedling growth parameters. The result indicated that the highest concentration of the allelopathic extract (20 mg/L) has demonstrated significantly the highest germination inhibition rate GIR (60.00%), germination speed V (2.54 U/day) for D. carota as GIR (70.00%), mean germination time MGT (0.36 days), and GI (0.67%) for C. annuum seeds. The highest concentration of the allelopathic extract (20 mg/L) has recorded the highest plumule inhibition rate PIR (59.63%) and radical inhibition rate RIR (48.95%) for D. carota seeds, as well as PIR (27.47%) and RLR (79.49%) for C. annuum. The largest negative allelopathic index (−60.00% or allelopathic intensity of 60.00%) was recorded for D. carota seeds, whilst (−63.43% or allelopathic intensity of 63.43%) was recorded for C. annuum seed germination. For D. carota seed germination, the first principal component (PC1) has got high positive loads from GI (0.36), RLR (0.31), GR (0.34), allelopathic index AI (0.34), relative length of plumule RLP (0.24), and V (0.30). By contrast, PC1 for D. carota seed germination has got the highest negative component loads recorded by GIR (−0.34), PIR (−0.24), MGT (−0.35), and RIR (−0.31). In allelopathic effect on C. annum seed germination, the first principal component (PC1) has got high positive scores from relative length of radical RLR (0.31), RLP (0.33), germination rate GR (0.33), V (0.33), and AI (0.33). Likewise, the high negative component loads were recorded by GIR (−0.33), PIR (−0.33), RIR (−0.31), and MGT (−0.32). The result of the present study demonstrated that GIR, PIR, and RIR were directly related to negative allelopathic activity.

1. Introduction

The term allelopathy derived from Greek words, namely, allele and pathy (meaning “mutual harm” or “suffering,” respectively) [1]. Allelopathy is the interaction between plants in neighbourhood that might lead to either stimulation or inhibition of growth by allelochemicals that are released through volatilization, eluviations, and decomposition of the plant or root exudates during growth [2]. Allelochemicals can also indirectly affect plants through the inhibition of microorganisms, including nitrogen fixing and nitrifying bacteria [3] and ectomycorrhizae [4]. Allelopathy widely exists in nature and plays a vital role in crop cultivation systems, controlling weeds, and preventing crop disease and insect infection. Different groups of plants, like algae, lichens, crops, and annual and perennial weeds have widely known allelopathic interactions [4, 5].

A significant portion of the agricultural land in developing countries particularly tropics is heavily infested by various native and alien (invasive) weeds [6], and controlling weeds is a big challenge to farmers [7]. The crop-weed interaction can be owing to competition alone, allelopathy, or both [8]. Many allelochemicals are phytotoxic and have potential as herbicides or as templates for new herbicide classes. Allelopathic effects can be useful in some environmentally friendly techniques for controlling the weeds and help reduce the economic and environmental costs of using herbicides because herbicides create environmental pollution [9, 10]. Various reports of allelopathic interactions also reported including bioactive compounds [11], responses of plant proteomes to soil antibiotics [12], biofungicide [13, 14], and biopesticide [15].

Allelochemicals can stimulate or inhibit the germination or/and growth of plants and increase the resistance of crops to biotic and abiotic stresses [2]. Allelochemicals are mainly secondary metabolites present in different parts of plants. Chemicals that inhibit the growth of some species at certain concentrations can stimulate the growth of the same or different species at lower concentrations [16]. The allelopathic nature of the plants help them to be highly competitor for space, light, and nutrients with the nearby plants [9]. The allelochemicals are released into the neighboring environments and rhizosphere soil of the plants and neighbouring environments during rainfall leachates, decomposition of plant residues, root exudation, and volatilization from living plant parts [17–19]. The released allelochemicals may suppress the regeneration process of indigenous plant species by decreasing their germination and seedling growth and increasing their mortality. The natural decomposition process of crop residues induced by microbes, dispels chemicals in soil which are potentially very toxic even though the primary substances are not toxic [20].

Allelopathic plants inhibit or suppress germination, growth, development, or metabolism of crops due to secretion of allelochemicals into the rhizosphere of neighboring crop plants [21]. Various phenolic compounds inhibited cell division. It is also possible that cell elongation was affected by extracts of weed residues. Many phytotoxic allelochemicals have been isolated, identified, and found to influence a number of physiological reactions. These allelochemicals affected many cellular processes in target plant species, including disruption of membrane permeability [22], ion uptake [23], inhibition of electron transport in both photosynthesis and the respiratory chain [24], damage to DNA and protein, alterations of some enzymatic activities [25, 26], and ultimately leading to programmed cell death [25].

Lantana camara is an invasive weed belonging to Verbenaceae family [27]. It interrupts the regeneration process of indigenous plant species by decreasing their germination, reducing their seedling growth, and increasing their mortality [27, 28]. The extracts, essential oil, leachates, residues, and rhizosphere soil of L. camara suppressed the germination and growth of other plant species [28, 29]. Therefore, the allelopathic property of L. camara may support its invasive potential and the formation of dense monospecies stands [29].

The elevated temperature has been contributing to the allelopathy of L. camara [30], which indicates that global warming may increase the threat of the invasion of the species into additional nonnative areas. Direct negative allelopathic effects of Lantana spp. on some crops have been reported previously [5, 8, 31]. However, these effects may vary depending on the species variety. Farmers in the Hararghe region of eastern Ethiopia cultivate different vegetables including carrot and pepper for which information regarding the allelopathic effect of Lantana spp. is insufficient. Therefore, this research was initiated to evaluate the allelopathic effect of Lantana leaf extract on germination and seedling growth of Capsicum annuum and Daucus carota.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Sample Collection and Preparation

The experiment was conducted at Botany laboratory of the School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Haramaya University. The lantana leaf sample was collected from farmer’s field in Bate locality, Haramaya district, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia. The Capsicum annuum and Daucus carota seed samples were obtained from Raare Research Station, Haramaya University.

2.2. Preparation of the Aqueous Extracts

The leaf sample was air dried at room temperature for 10 days and dried leaf sample was ground to fine powder by using mortar and pestle. Then aqueous extraction was done with distilled water by dissolving 120 grams of the powder in 500 mL of distilled water in a 500 ml flask. The extract was then filtrated through Whatman no. 1 filterpaper, and the filtrate was dried in rotary evaporator at 50°C under reduced pressure to evaporate water and obtain the extracts in a somewhat dried form [32]. Aqueous extracts of different concentrations (10, 15, and 20 mg/L) were then prepared by dissolving the dried crude extract in distilled water. The control experiment, without the use of the aqueous extract was made with distilled water. The crude extract was stored at 4°C until use. All experiments were replicated three times.

2.3. Seed Germination and Seedling Growth Bioassays

The experiment was carried out in sterile 20 cm diameter Petri dishes, in which moistened Whatman No. 3 paper was used as a germination support. Before being used, the tested seeds were chosen as healthy and then disinfected with 70% ethanol. Afterwards, 10 seeds were placed in each Petri dish before being treated with a sufficient amount of various concentrations of the aqueous extract, while the control was only treated with distilled water. The experiment was carried out under laboratory conditions for a period of 2 months in three replications for each treatment. A seed is considered germinated when the radicle appears. Germination was recorded daily, and the results were determined by measuring different germination and seedling growth parameters like root length (cm), number of leaves, and seedling dry weight. Germination parameters like germination kinetics, germination index, inhibition rate, and the allelopathic index (AI) were calculated as follows:

2.3.1. Germination Rate (GR)

The germination rate was calculated according to the formula given by Come [33]:where is the number of germinated seeds and is the number of seeds sown.

2.3.2. Germination Speed (V)

The germination speed is calculated by the following formula proposed by Come [33]:where is the speed of germination and N1 is the number of seeds germinated at time T1.

2.3.3. Mean Germination Time (MGT)

The mean germination time is calculated as described by Ranal et al. [34]:where and are consecutively the numbers of newly germinated seeds in the last time and the time from the beginning of the experiment to the last observation and k is the last time of germination.

2.3.4. Germination Index

The germination index (GI) is a quantitative expression of germination which relates to the daily germination rate at the maximum value of germination [35], it is calculated by the following equation:where is the percentage of germination on day.

2.3.5. Relative Length of Radicles (RLR)

The relative length of radicles is calculated according to the formula given by Rho and Kil [36]:where Rr is the relative length of radicle; Lr is the average length of radicles of treated plants and Lc is the average length of radicle of control plants.

2.3.6. Relative Length of Plumule (RLP)

According to Rho and Kil [36] this parameter is calculated by the following formula:where Rs is the relative length of plumule; Lp is the average length of plumule of treated plants; and Lc is the average length of plumule of control plant.

2.3.7. The Growth Inhibition Rate

This parameter is calculated according to the following formula given by Abiyu et al. [37]:where PIR: plumule inhibition rate; RIR: radicle inhibition rate.

2.3.8. Allelopathic Index (AI) to Reflect the Intensity of the Allelopathic Effect

AI was calculated according to the work of Luo et al. [38] as follows:where is the germination rate in treatment or allelopathic extract concentration t and is the germination rate of the control (given sterile distilled water).

An AI < 0 reflects a negative allelopathic effect of L. camara leaf extract on seed germination, and an AI > 0 value indicates a promoting effect on the germination, while the absolute value of AI indicated the allelopathic intensity.

2.4. Statistical Analysis

All the experiments were performed in a completely randomized design. Data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance and were presented as mean separated at applying least significant difference (LSD) test and statistical analysis was conducted using SAS version 9.2 software package.

3. Results

3.1. Allelopathic Effect of Lantana camara Leaf Aqueous Extract on Germination and Seedling Growth of D. carota and C. annuum Seeds

The impacts of L. camara leaf extracts on seed germination of D. carota and C. annum were assessed using germination parameters including germination rate (GR), germination inhibition rate (GIR), germination speed (V), mean germination time (MGT), and germination index (GI) (Table 1). For both bioassayed plants the control group has recorded significantly the highest GR (100% for D. carota, and 83.33% for C. annum); germination speed (2.40 U/day for D carota, and 8.33 U/day C. annuum); and GI (16.89% for D. carota, and and 0.61% for C. annuum). On the other hand, the maximum concentration of the extract has demonstrated significantly the highest GIR (60% for D. carota, and 70% for C. annuum); MGT (3.83 for D. carota, and 0.36 for C. annuum) indicating that GIR and MGT of the extracts increased with increasing extract concentration. Thus, MGT and GIR can be recommended as the best indicators of allelopathic effect of seed germination if corroborated with further works.

3.2. Effect of L. camara Aqueous Leaf Extract on Seedling Growth of D. carota and C. annuum

The allelopathic effect of L. camara leaf extract on seedling growth of both bioassayed plants including D. carota and C. annuum are shown in Table 2. The least RLP (40.37%) and RLR (51.05%) were recorded for D. carota; RLP (72.53%) and RLR (29.51%) for C. annuum were recorded with maximum concentration (20 mg/L) of L. camara leaf extract. The reduction in the relative growth of both plumule and radicle with increase in concentration of the extract might indicate the growth inhibitory effect of allelochemicals in the crude leaf extract of L. camara. The highest PIR (59.63%), RIR (48.95%), negative allelopathic index or allelopathic intensity (ǀAIǀ) (60.00) for D. carota; PIR (27.47%), RIR (70.49%), and allelopathic intensity (ǀAIǀ) (63.43) for C. annuum were recorded with the maximum concentration of the allelopathic extract (20 mg/L) indicating that PIR, RIR, and ǀAIǀ are the best parameters to measure the negative allelopathic effect on seed germination and seedling growth of crop plants.

3.3. Allelopathic Index for D. carota and C. annum Seed Germination

The allelopathic index (AI) for D. carota seed germination (Table 2 and Figure 1) and C. annuum seed germination (Table 2 and Figure 2) demonstrated negative allelopathic activity as the concentration of the allelopathic extract from L. camara leaf increases from 10 to 20 mg/L. The allelopathic intensity was found to be the highest (60%) for D. carota and (63.43%) for C. annuum seed germination (Table 2). The large negative allelopathic activity of L. camara leaf extract might contribute to the retardation of growth and yield loss of crop plants near L. camara invasive shrub.

3.4. Correlation of Germination Parameters and Allelopathic Index of L. camara Leaf Extract

The Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to assess the association of D. carota and C. annuum seed germination parameters and the allelopathic index of L. camara leaf aqueous extract (Tables 3 and 4). The negative allelopathic index (AI) for D. carota seed germination (Table 3) was significant and negatively correlated with RIR (−0.762), GIR (−1.00), and germination speed (−0.807), indicating that the negative allelopathic activity increases with increasing RIR, GIR, and germination speed. However, the allelopathic index was found to be significant and positively correlated with RLR (0.762), germination rate (1.00), MGT (0.909) and germination index (0.944), indicating that the negative allelopathic activity decreases with increasing rate of germination, germination index, MGT, and RLR during D. carota seed germination. Thus, germination inhibition rate (GIR), radicle inhibition rate (PIR), and germination speed were found to be the best parameters or traits that can be used as indicators of allelopathic activity during D. carota seed germination.

The negative allelopathic index (AI) for C. annuum seed germination (Table 4) was significant and negatively correlated with plumule inhibition rate (−0.903), radicle inhibition rate (−0.835), germination inhibition rate (−0.987), and the mean germination time (−0.922), indicating that the negative allelopathic activity increases with increasing PIR, RIR, GIR, and MGT in C. annuum seed germination. Contrastingly, the allelopathic index was found to be significant and positively correlated with RLP (0.904), RLR (0.835), germination rate (0.987), and germination speed (0.987), indicating that the negative allelopathic activity decreases with increasing rate of relative length of plumule, relative length of radicle, germination rate, and germination speed.

Since the correlation coefficient indicated the existence of association among traits. It does not indicate the direct and indirect relationships among them. Therefore, the principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify the most discriminating traits showing allelopathic activity of the plant extract (Table 5). The eigen values corresponding to sum of squares of variances greater than one being accounting for the majority of the variances were considered for interpretation of the result [39]. The PCA of allelopathic activity of L. camara on seed germination of D. carota and C. annum (Table 5) demonstrated that only PC1 (with eigenvalue >1) account for 95% of the variances for D. carota, while for C. annum seed germination, PC1 (with eigen value > 1) accounted for about (99%) of the variations; hence, the first PC was sufficient for interpretation of the relationship allelopathic index and germination parameters.

For D. carota seed germination, the first principal component (PC1) has got high positive loads from GI (0.36), RLR (0.31), GR (0.34), AI (0.34), RLP (0.24), and V (0.30). By contrast, PC1 for D. carota seed germination has got the highest negative component loads recorded by GIR (−0.34), PIR (−0.24), MGT (−0.35), and RIR (−0.31). The negative loads indicate that the negative allelopathic activity increases with increasing germination inhibition rate, plumule, and radicle inhibition rates. As the positive loads indicate that the positive allelopathic index increases with increment of germination rate, the relative length of plumule, the relative length of root, and the germination index in D. carota seed germination.

In allelopathic effect on C. annum seed germination, the first principal component (PC1) has got high positive scores from RLR (0.31), RLP (0.33), GR (0.33), and V (0.33) and AI (0.33). Likewise, the high negative component loads were recorded by GIR (−0.33), PIR (−0.33), RIR (−0.31), and MGT (−0.32). Therefore, the highest negative scores in PCs indicate direct relationship between the negative allelopathic index and negative score factors. However, the highest positive scores in PCs indicate inverse relationship between negative allelopathic activity and positive score factors in C. annum seed germination.

4. Discussion

The use of Daucus carota as a representative of storage root crops and Capsicum annuum as storage fruit vegetable so as to demonstrate differential response to the allelopathic effect of L. camara. It was found that for D. carota the inhibition on root is lower than that of shoot. However, for C. annuum inhibition of root elongation is higher than that of shoot. The fact that D. carota is a storage root crop might have made the growth of root more vigorous than shoot. However, it must be confirmed with further study. The maximum concentration of the allelopathic extract (20 mg/L) has demonstrated significantly the highest GIR and MGT indicating that GIR and MGT of the extracts increased with increasing extract concentration. This finding was in agreement with a number of previous studies like Maiti et al. [40] who reported the inhibitory effect of aqueous leaf extracts and leaf leachates of L. camara on seed germination metabolism of mungbean seeds. Similar result was also reported by Nandi and Dalal [41] the allelopathic effect of L. camara on germination and seedling growth of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Aqueous extracts of all parts of Lantana camara have strong allelopathic effect on the germination of Pennisetum americanum, Lactuca sativa and Setaria italica [42].

In the present study the allelopathic inhibitory effect was increasing with the concentrations of the extracts and higher concentration had the stronger inhibitory effect whereas the lower concentration showed stimulatory effect in some cases. The inhibitory effect was much in root than in shoot during seed germination. Similar finding was alsao reported by Ahmed et al. [4] who investigated the allelopathic effects of crop plants including Brassica juncea (L.) Czern; Cucumis sativus L.; Phaseolus mungo L.; Raphanus sativus L.; Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., and Cicer arietinum L. The allelochemicals released from L. camara may provide the species with a competitive advantage against the native plants and may also suppress the regeneration process of native plant species and contribute to establishing their habitats as invasive plant species and formation of monospecies stands [29].

According to Gniazowska and Bogtek [43] seed germination may also be inhibited due to hampered resource mobilization by allelochemicals during early stages of seed germination. It is also possible that allelochemicals such as some phenolic compounds impair the synthesis and/or activity of gibberellic acid [44], which regulates the production of amylase [45] so that seed germination is negatively affected. Based on the results of germination that tells us seed viability, C. annuum was more susceptible to the extracts than D. carota. This implies that different plant species may have varying sensitivity to allelochemicals of a given plant species.

The allelopathic effects of L. camara leaf extract on plumule and radicle growth is shown in Table 2. Compared to the lowest extract concentration, the lengths of plumule and radicle of the tested plants were significantly () higher than the higher extract concentration treated seeds (Table 2). This finding agrees with that of Corsato et al. [46] and Rigon et al. [47] who, respectively, studied the allelopathic effects of leaf extracts of sunflower and castor on Bidens pilosa and, canola and raddish. Barreto et al. [48] also previously reported that radicle length of canola seedlings decreases with increasing concentration of soybean leaves extracts. They also explained that the length of the radicle is aindicator of the allelopathic effect as this plant part is very sensitive and in direct contact with the extracts. This observation of reduced initial seedling growth suggests that L. camara leaf extract possesses allelopathic compounds.

5. Conclusion

The present study has used Daucus carota as a representative of storage root crops and, Capsicum annuum as storage fruit vegetable so as to demonstrate differential response to the allelopathic effect of L. camara. It was found that for D. carota the inhibition on root is lower than that of shoot. However, for C. annuum inhibition of root elongation is higher than that of shoot. The fact that D. carota is a storage root crop might have made the growth of root more vigorous than shoot. However, it must be confirmed with further study. The allelopathic effect was found to be increasing as the concentration of the allelopathic extract increases from 10 to 20 mg/L for both D. carota and C. annuum seed germinations. The germination inhibition rate (GIR), radicle inhibition rate (PIR) and germination speed were found to be the best parameters or traits that can be used as indicators of allelopathic activity during D. carota seed germination. The the negative allelopathic activity increases with increasing PIR, RIR, GIR, and MGT in C. annuum seed germination. The highest negative scores in PCs indicate direct relationship between the negative allelopathic index and negative score factors while the highest positive scores in PCs indicate inverse relationship between negative allelopathic activity and positive score factors in C. annum seed germination. The large negative allelopathic activity of L. camara leaf extract might contribute for retardation of growth.

Data Availability

The data are included within the article and in the supplementary files.

Additional Points

Human and Animal Rights. No humans and animals were used in this study. Research Invloving Plants. The plant species used in this study are not en-dangered.

Ethical Approval

The ethical approval is not applicable for this manuscript since it has no animal experiments according to the Haramaya University’s ethical committee.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

Authors’ Contributions

Dr. Zekeria Yusuf performed initiation and design of the study, lab experiment, and data analysis; Mrs. Yiftusira Alemayehu performed lab experiment, data collection, and write up of the document; Dr. Meseret Chimdesa performed analysis and interpretation of data. All authors contributed to drafting the article and revising it critically for important intellectual content.

Acknowledgments

This project was funded by the Haramaya University Research grant, under project code: HURG_2022_06_01_45. The authors are grateful to Haramaya University Research Office for their financial support and Laboratory facility.

Supplementary Materials

Table S1: Raw data for allelopathic effect of L. camara leaf extract on germination of D. carota and C. annuum seeds; Table S2: Data for allelopathic effect of L. camara leaf extract on seedling growth of D. carota and C. annuum (supplementary information file). (Supplementary Materials)

References

R. Willis, “The historical bases of the concept of allelopathy,” Journal of the History of Biology, vol. 18, pp. 71–102, 1985.
View at: Google Scholar
Z. Zhang, Y. Liu, L. Yuan, E. Weber, and M. Van Kleunen, “Effect of Allelopathy on plant performance; a meta analysis,” Ecology Letters, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 348–362, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. F. Walker, O. K. Miller Jr, T. Lei, S. Semones, E. Nilsen, and B. D. Clinton, “Suppression of ectomycorrhizae on canopy tree seedling in Rhododendron maximum L. (Ericaceae) thickets in the southern appalachians,” Mycorrhiza, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 49–56, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Ahmed, M. B. Uddin, M. A. Khan, S. A. Mukul, and M. K. Hossain, “Allelopathic effects of Lantana camara on germination and growth behavior of some agricultural crops in Bangladesh,” Journal of Forestry Research, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 301–304, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. B. Uddin, R. Ahmed, S. A. Mukul, and M. K. Hossain, “Inhibitory effects of Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. leaf extracts on germination and growth behavior of some popular agricultural crops,” Journal of Forestry Research, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 128–132, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. O. Akobundu, “Integrated weed management techniques to reduce soil degradation,” in Proceedings of the First International Weed Control Congress, J. H. Combelack, J. Parson, and R. G. Richardson, Eds., Melbourne, Australia, February 1992.
View at: Google Scholar
A. R. Putnam and L. A. Weston, “Adverse impacts of allelopathy in agricultural systems,” in The Science of Allelopathy, A. R. Putnam and C. S. Tang, Eds., pp. pp43–53, Wiley Interscience, New York, NY, USA, 1986.
View at: Google Scholar
A. T. M. R. Hoque, R. Ahmed, M. B. Uddin, and M. K. Hossain, “Allelopathic effects of different concentration of water extract of Eupatorium odoratum leaf on germination and growth behavior of six agricultural crops,” Online Journal of Biological Sciences, vol. 3, no. 8, pp. 741–750, 2003.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Syed and S. Imran, “Lantana camarain the soil changes the fungal community structures and reduces impact of Meloidoynejavanicaon mung bean,” Phytopathologia Mediterranea, vol. 40, pp. 245–252, 2001.
View at: Google Scholar
F. K. Awan, M. Rasheed, M. Ashraf, and M. Y. Khurshid, “Efficacy of Brassica, Sorghum and sunflower aqueous extracts to control wheat weeds under rainfed conditions of Pothwar, Pakistan,” The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 715–721, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Derouich, E. D. T. Bouhlali, M. Bammou, A. Hmidani, K. Sellam, and C. Alem, “Bioactive compounds and antioxidant, antiperoxidative, and antihemolytic properties investigation of three apiaceae species grown in the southeast of Morocco,” Scientific, vol. 2020, Article ID 3971041, 10 pages, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Margas, A. I. Piotrowicz-Cieslak, D. J. Michalczyk, and K. Głowacka, “A strong impact of soil tetracycline on physiology and biochemistry of pea seedlings,” Scientific, vol. 2019, Article ID 3164706, 14 pages, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. D. T. Bouhlali, M. Derouich, R. Meziani, and A. Essarioui, “Antifungal potential of phytochemicals against mauginiella scaettae, the plant pathogen causing inflorescence rot of date palm,” Scientific, vol. 2021, Article ID 1896015, 8 pages, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Ehiobu, E. Idamokoro, and A. Afolayan, “Biofungicides for improvement of potato (Solanum tuberosum L) production,” Scientific, vol. 2022, Article ID 1405900, 9 pages, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Astija, E. Wardani, V. I. Febriani, and F. Dhafir, “Effect of jackfruit leaf extract (artocarpus heterophyllus) on sitophilus oryzae mortality and rice quality,” Scientific, vol. 2023, Article ID 1579432, 8 pages, 2023.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. L. Rice, Allelopathy, Academic Press, New York, NY, USA, 2nd edition, 1984.
H. P. Bais, T. L. Weir, L. G. Perry, S. Gilroy, and J. M. Vivanco, “The role of root exudates in rhizosphere interactions with plants and other organisms,” Annual Review of Plant Biology, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 233–266, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Bonanomi, M. G. Sicurezza, S. Caporaso, A. Esposito, and S. Mazzoleni, “Phytotoxicity dynamics of decaying plant materials,” New Phytologist, vol. 169, no. 3, pp. 571–578, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. G. Belz, “Allelopathy in crop/weed interactions—an update,” Pest Management Science, vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 308–326, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Panahyan-E-Kivi, A. Tobeh, M. Shahverdik, E. Jamaati, and S. Somarin, “Inhibitory impact of some crop plantsextracts on germination and growth of wheat,” American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 47–51, 2010.
View at: Google Scholar
J. R. Qasem, “Response of onion (Allium cepa L.) plants to fertilizers, weed competition duration and planting times in the central Jordan Valley,” Weed Biology and Management, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 212–220, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. C. C. Galindo, A. Hernandez, F. E. Dayan et al., “Dehydrozaluzanin C, a natural sesquiterpenolide, causes rapid plasma membrane leakage,” Phytochemistry, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 805–813, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. E. Lehman and U. Blum, “Evaluation of ferulic acid uptake as a measurement of allelochemical dose: effective concentration,” Journal of Chemical Ecology, vol. 25, no. 11, pp. 2585–2600, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Abarahim, W. L. Braguini, A. M. Kelmer-Bracht, and E. L. Ishii-Iwamoto, “Effect of four monoterpenes on germination, primary root growth, and mitochondrial respiration of maize,” Journal of Chemical Ecology, vol. 26, pp. 611–624, 2000.
View at: Google Scholar
J. Ding, Y. Sun, C. L. Xiao, K. Shi, Y. H. Zhou, and J. Q. Yu, “Physiological basis of different allelopathic reactions of cucumber and finger gourd plants to cinnamic acid,” Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. 227, pp. 1–9, 2007.
View at: Google Scholar
M. G. Dawood, M. E. El-Awadi, and K. G. El–Rokiek, “Physiological impact of fenugreek, guava and lantana on the growth and some chemical parameters of sunflower plants and associated weeds,” Journal of American Science, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 166–174, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar
J. A. Duggin and C. B. Gentle, “Experimental evidence on the importance of disturbance intensity for invasion of Lantana camara L. in dry rainforest-open forest ecotones in north-eastern NSW, Australia,” Forest Ecology and Management, vol. 109, no. 1-3, pp. 279–292, 1998.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. T. Swarbrick, B. W. Willson, M. A. Hanna-Jones, and C. L. Lantana, in The Biology of Australian Weeds, F. D. Panetta, R. H. Groves, and R. C. H. Shepherd, Eds., R.G.&F.J. Richardson, Melbourne, Australia, 1998.
H. Kato-Noguchi and D. Kurniadie, “Allelopathy of lantana camara as an invasive plant,” Plants, vol. 10, no. 5, p. 1028, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Q. Zhang, Y. Zhang, S. Peng, and K. Zobel, “Climate warming may facilitate invasion of the exotic shrub Lantana camara,” PLoS One, vol. 9, Article ID e105500, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Gebreyohannes, M. C. Egigu, M. Manikandan, and J. M. Sasikumar, “Allelopathic potential of lantana camara L. Leaf extracts and soils invaded by it on the growth performance of lepidium sativum L,” The Scientific World Journal, vol. 2023, Article ID 6663686, 6 pages, 2023.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Talhi, N. Gherraf, and A. Zellagui, “Allelopathic effect of the aqueous extract of Lantana camara L. on the germination and development of four vegetable species,” IJCBS, vol. 18, no. 2020, pp. 116–121, 2020.
View at: Google Scholar
D. Come, Les obstacles à la germination (Monographie et physiologie végétale n 6), Masson et Cie, Paris, France, 1970.
M. A. Ranal, D. G. Santana, W. R. Ferreira, and C. MendesRodrigues, “Calculating germination measurements and organizing spreadsheets,” Revista Brasileira de Botânica, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 849–855, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. O. Throneberry and F. G. Smith, “Relation of respiratory and enzymatic activity to corn seed viability,” Plant Physiology (Bethesda), vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 337–343, 1955.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. J. Rho and B. S. Kil, “Influence of phytotoxication from Pinus rigida on the selected plants,” Journal of Natural Sciences, vol. 5, pp. 19–27, 1986.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Abiyu, D. Teketay, G. Gratzer, and M. Shete, “Tree planting by smallholder farmers in the upper catchment of lake Tana Watershed, Northwest Ethiopia,” Small-scale Forestry, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 199–212, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Luo, X. Zhao, Y. Li, and T. Wang, “Effects of foliage litter of a pioneer shrub (Artemisia halodendron) on germination from the soil seedbank in a semi-arid sandy grassland in China,” Journal of Plant Research, vol. 130, no. 6, pp. 1013–1021, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Sileshi, Z. Yusuf, and M. Desta, “Enzymatic Properties of red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Leaf, Root pulp and peel,” Recent Patents on Biotechnology, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 395–404, 2023.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. P. Maiti, R. K. Bhakat, and A. Bhattacharjee, “Allelopathic effects of Lantana camara on physicochemical parameters of Mimosa pudica seeds,” Allelopathy Journal, vol. 22, pp. 59–68, 2008.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Nandi and T. Dalal, “Evaluation of allelopathic potential of Lantana camara L. on seeds of Raphanus sativus L. and Spinacia oleracea L,” Plant Archives, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 459–462, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar
F. Hussain, S. Ghulam, Z. Sher, and B. Ahmad, “Allelopathy by lantana camara,” Pakistan Journal of Botany, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 2373–2378, 2011.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Gniazdowska and R. Bogatek, “Allelopathic interactions between plants. Multi-site action of allelochemicals,” Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 395–407, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. A. Einhellig, “Interactions involving allelopathy in cropping systems,” Agronomy Journal, vol. 88, no. 6, pp. 886–893, 1996.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. M. Chandler, J. A. Zwar, J. V. Jacobsen, T. J. V. Higgins, and A. S. Inglis, “The effect of gibberellic acid and abscisic acid on a-amylase mRNA levels in barley aleurone layers studies amylase cDNA clone,” Plant Molecular Biology, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 407–418, 1984.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. M. Corsato, A. M. T. Fortes, M. Santorum, and R. Leszczynski, “Efeito alelopático do extrato aquoso de folhas de girassol sobre a germinação de soja e picão- preto,” Semina: Ciências Agrárias, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 353–360, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. A. G. Rigon, A. T. Salamoni, L. Cutti, and A. C. M. D. Aguiar, “Germination and initial development of canola and radish submitted to castor leaves aqueous extracts,” Comunicata Scientiae, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 104–111, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. C. P. Barreto, R. F. Santos, C. A. Viecelli, S. P. Trés, and M. C. Oliveira, “Interferência alelopática de extrato da soja sobre sementes de canola e crambe,” Cultivando o Saber, vol. 4, pp. 188–198, 2011.
View at: Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2024 Yiftusira Alemayehu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

57

Downloads

60

Citations