Abstract
Background. Stroke is an important morbidity for low and middle income countries like Bangladesh. We established the first stroke registry in Bangladesh. Methods. Data was collected from stroke patients who were admitted in Department of Neurology of BIRDEM with first ever stroke, aged between 30 and 90 years. Patients with intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid and subdural hemorrhage, and posttrauma features were excluded. Results. Data was gathered from 679 stroke patients. Mean age was 60.6 years. Almost 68% of patients were male. Small vessel strokes were the most common accounting for 45.4% of all the patients followed by large vessel getting affected in 32.5% of the cases. Only 16 (2.4%) died during treatment, and 436 (64.2%) patients had their mRS score of 3 to 5. Age greater than 70 years was associated with poor outcome on discharge [OR 1.79 (95% CI: 1.05 to 3.06)] adjusting for gender, duration of hospital stay, HDL, and pneumonia. Age, mRS, systolic blood pressure, urinary tract infection, pneumonia, and stroke severity explained the Barthel score. Conclusion. Mortality was low but most of patient had moderate to severe disability at discharge. Age, mRS, systolic blood pressure, urinary tract infection, pneumonia, and stroke severity influenced the Barthel score.
1. Introduction
Stroke, an important morbidity in the context of sustainability development goals (SDGs), is the leading cause of disability in the Asian population [1, 2]. Low and middle income countries have a higher burden and mortality because of stroke and it is increasing over time [3–6]. Stroke becomes important health problem for Bangladesh as more than 25% of its population live below the poverty line [7]. Bangladesh is third largest country among south Asian countries after India and Pakistan with a population of 160 billion. South Asian countries constitute 22% of world population and 40% of developing world and account for more than 40% of global stroke death [8].
A large number of preventable deaths in Bangladesh occur due to stroke [9, 10]. Stroke ranks third among causes of death in Bangladesh [9]. Mortality due to stroke increased from 6% to around 9% from 2006 to 2011 [9]. Individuals in Bangladesh having age of 40 years or more have a stroke prevalence of 0.3% and its prevalence increases to 1% in individuals aged 70 years or more [10]. Gender and age are two important factors affecting stroke prevalence in Bangladesh [10]. Risk factors for stroke in Bangladesh include hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, cigarette smoking, oral contraception use, and previous history of TIA [11, 12]. Frequencies of these risk factors are comparable to other south Asian countries [8]. The majority of the stroke patients suffer from ischemic stroke which had a better prognosis as compared to the hemorrhagic stroke [13, 14]. Bangladesh due to its large population lacks the requisite health infrastructure and trained human resource needed to deal with the high burden of stroke [15].
World Health Organization (WHO) recommends 3-step approach to establish stroke surveillance system. First step should capture data about stroke in the hospital giving information about treatment and mortality of the stroke patients. In the subsequent steps WHO recommend capturing stroke related fatal and nonfatal events in the community [16]. Experiences from the region have recommended establishing a hospital based surveillance system [17]. Establishing such a system for low and middle income countries in the community might be challenging because of the cost implications [17, 18]. In order to improve the quality of evidence generated it is recommended that surveillance system using standardized approaches be establish [16].
Studies done on stroke in Bangladesh have quantified the prevalence of stroke but studies collected information on limited number of the relevant variables [19]. In light of this limitation of previous data we established stroke registry in Bangladesh to get information on relevant and important risk factors of stroke. The aim of this registry was to regularly quantify burden of various types of stroke in Bangladesh and to identify their risk factors. We intended to compare the results from this registry to the risk factors for stroke identified in other countries of the region like India and Pakistan. This piece of information is critical for evidence based resource allocation at health care centers.
2. Materials and Methods
A total number of 679 subjects with first ever stroke consecutively admitted in the Department of Neurology of Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM) General Hospital, were recruited for the study during January 2011 to February 2013.
Inclusion criteria were age between 30 and 90 years and patients presenting with first ever stroke. Diagnosis of stroke was done on the basis of findings from Neuroimaging (either of CT or MRI). Patients with intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid and subdural hemorrhage, and posttrauma features and history of previous stroke were excluded from the study. A structured questionnaire as appended was used to collect information on demographic variables, stroke severity (with the help of modified Rankin Scale [mRS] and National Institute of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS]), stroke subtype using TOAST criteria, vascular risk factors, and stroke workup. Patients were labeled as hypertensive if systolic blood pressure was greater than 140 mmHg or/and diastolic blood pressure was greater than 90 mmHg during repeated measurements during the patient management in the hospital or if the patient was on antihypertensive drugs at the time of admission. We classified patient as diabetic if self-reported fasting glucose level of the patient was 120 mg/dL or more or if the patient was on hypoglycemic agents or insulin. Patients having serum high density lipid of 100 mg/dL or less and/or serum low density lipid of 100 mg/dL or more and/or fasting serum cholesterol of 200 mg/dL or more were labeled as having dyslipidemia. Smokers were the patients who had smoked ten or more cigarettes for ten or more years. Electrocardiogram was used to check for atrial fibrillation. Carotid Doppler was used to identify patients having carotid stenosis. Left ventricular dysfunction was assessed using echocardiogram. Patients having 30% or less ejection fraction were classified as having severe left ventricular dysfunction.
Patients or their next of kin were briefed about the purpose and nature of the study. Written consent was obtained from the patients or their next of kin in case of incapacitation of the patients. Ethical approval was obtained from Ethical Review Committee of Bangladesh Diabetic Association, the parent body that runs BIRDEM General Hospital.
Upon receipt of the consent of the patients or their nearest relative’s consent qualified medical personnel, not below senior medical officer and assistant register, examined and interviewed the patient or the patient’s attendant about past medical and personal history and recorded the variable of interest. Investigations, ECG, CT scan, MRI, echocardiography, and carotid Doppler, only pertinent to clinical presentations, were advised. Standardized Data Collection Form was used in recruiting patients.
On discharge patients or their attendants were asked to report the BIRDEM neurology clinic after four weeks and then after six months. Assigned medical personnel were in contact to follow the progress over telephone in the four weeks.
Data were managed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) for Windows Version 19. In the presentation data were expressed as mean ± SD, median (minimum-maximum), and number (percent) as appropriate. Unpaired Student’s -test, proportion test, and Chi-squared tests were performed, where applicable, to calculate statistical difference between corresponding groups and/or association between groups. value <0.05 was taken as level of significance. Logistic regression was used to compute adjusted odds ratio for poor outcomes of stroke. Linear regression was done to identify variables explaining Barthel score.
3. Sample Size
Sample size was calculated using OpenEpi, Version using formula . Using this formula we planned to recruit a minimum of 600 stroke patients to capture the anticipated prevalence of stroke risk factors to be 50% among the stroke patients, margin of error to be 4%, and level of significance to be 5%.
4. Results
This stroke registry gathered data from 679 stroke patients in BIRDEM General Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Mean age of the stroke patients was 60.6 years; the majority of patients (67.7%) were male. Only 16.5% of the patients had age greater than 70 years. Most patients (66%) had an age between 45 and 70 years. Only 72 (11%) patients (50 men and 22 women) were less than 45 years. Diabetes, hypertension, family history of stroke, and ischemic heart disease were common risk factors identified at the time of admission (Table 1).
Small vessel strokes were the most common accounting for 45.4% of all the patients followed by large vessel stroke in 32.5% of the cases. Cardioembolic stroke was present in 4.9% while etiology was not defined in 17.2% of the stroke cases. Out of a total 673 patient among whom NIHSS score was recorded 121 patients (17.8%) had severe stroke (NIHSS score greater than 14). Dyslipidemia was present in 93% of the cases (Table 1). Most common infarct location was in parietal lobe found in 236 (34.8%), followed by basal ganglia in 184 (27.1%) and internal capsule 178 (26.2%), of the patients (Table 2).
ECG was done for all the patients and there was cardiac morbidity on ECG in 50.2% of these patients. Ischemia was the most common cardiac abnormality detected on ECG and was present in 28.1% of the patients. Other cardiac abnormalities detected on ECG included left ventricular hypertrophy (6.3%), old infarct (5.4%), left bundle branch block (4.1%), left atrial dilation (3.7%), atrial fibrillation (1.2%), and right bundle branch block (0.9%). Pneumonia was the most common complication found in 60 (8.8%) subjects while UTI was found in 54 (8.0%) subjects (Table 1).
Mean stay in hospital was 7.8 days (standard deviation, 3.9). All the patients were assessed for their outcomes using mRS (modified Rankin Scale) score at discharge from hospital. Only 16 (2.4%) of the died during treatment, 436 (64.2%) patients had their mRS score from 3 to 5 (moderate to severe disability) while 227 (33.4%) of the patients had an mRS score equal to or less than 2 (no to mild disability).
By comparing gender it was shown that higher proportion of females had hypertension. Smoking and UTI were more common among males. Women had a slightly greater mean hospital stay. More males had favorable outcome on discharge as compared to females (Table 3).
Individuals with age less than or equal to 45 years had a higher proportion of diastolic blood pressure and carotid stenosis while UTI and pneumonia were more commonly found in patients with age greater than 45 years (Table 4).
Elderly patients (age > 70 years) were more likely to have pneumonia, severe left ventricular dysfunction, and hypertension. More patients in the age group less than or equal to 70 had diastolic blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, and smoking. More patients in this group had favorable outcomes at discharge (mRS on discharge 0 to 2) (Table 5).
Odds of poor outcome on discharge were for those who had an age greater than 70 years being 1.79 (95% CI: 1.05 to 3.06) as compared to those having an age less than or equal to 70 years when adjusted for gender, number of days of hospital stay, HDL, and pneumonia. On the basis of linear regression factors explaining Barthel score there were mRS, age, systolic blood pressure, urinary tract infection, pneumonia, and stroke severity (Table 6).
5. Discussion
To the best of our knowledge this is the first registry which intended to collect data on a wide range of stroke patients from a tertiary care center in Bangladesh. There are certain limitations as this registry was maintained only in one center. There were missing data on some of the variables. Same set of investigations could not be performed on all the patients. We were unable to follow up the patients after discharge and therefore we could not find out the mortality rate of these patients for standard time period. Despite these limitations this data provides useful information related to stroke types/subtypes, risk factors, gender, and age of stroke onset based differences among stroke patients enrolled at this large center in Dhaka, Bangladesh. This is probably the largest data set of stroke patients published from Bangladesh.
Mean age of the stroke patients which is around sixty years is consistent with findings from a similar stroke registry in Pakistan [20]. Most of the patients from a stroke registry in USA presented with stroke at an age of 71 years [21]. In Korea the mean age of patients getting registered is around 62 years [22]. In our sample the mean age of stroke patient was not affected by gender while stroke registry from France showed that mean age for female stroke patients was 70 years while it was 66 years for male patients [23].
The lower percentage of female stroke patients being registered implies either a low prevalence of stroke among females or a lower access of female stroke patients to the tertiary care hospital. Paradoxically length of hospital stay and stroke severity on discharge were higher among females. We found that though a very small number of women smoked which implies that smoking cessation programs should also target females. We cannot rule out underreporting of smoking among females due to cultural reasons. These findings are consistent with previous reports that frequency of stroke in Asian women is less than Asian men but may be higher than European man and women both [24].
In this sample atherosclerosis in the small vessel was responsible for most of the stroke cases. Majority of these patients had dyslipidemia. Hypertension and diabetes were other risk factors that were present in them. Inclusion of large number of patients with diabetes may be explained by the fact of the recruitment from BIRDEM General Hospital, a tertiary care hospital run by the Diabetic Association of Bangladesh, only which, however, is 650-bed multidisciplinary hospital. Diabetes was more common among the age group less than or equal to seventy years. Dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes are important risk factors for stroke as reported previously [19, 25, 26]. We found that a very high proportion of the stroke patients (93%) had dyslipidemia as compared to Pakistan [20, 26]. Similarly other two important risk factors, that is, diabetes and hypertension, are more common among stroke patients in Bangladesh as compared to Pakistan.
Mortality of the stroke patient was much lower as compared to regional data [20]. This lower mortality can be because of better access to the tertiary care hospitals, better clinical care of the patients, or a combination of the two. An alternative explanation may be that only patients with lesser stroke severity and better prognosis reach to the hospitals. A study designed to specifically answer this uncertainty may be helpful to explore factors responsible for the lower mortality. Burden of stroke is growing in large parts of Asia due to growing age, urbanization, and life style changes. No data is available from Bangladesh related to temporal trends in stroke incidence or stroke types. It is important to follow these trends for future analysis and interventions [27].
This study gives us some critical insight into important aspects of stroke patients in Bangladesh. It is important to make stroke risk scoring tools for this population with the help of the risk factors identified in this study. Stratification of the population with the help of these tools into high, intermediate, and low risk group may help public health practitioners to prevent stroke. It is important to generate contextual evidence for designing composite interventions on the basis of behavior change communication theories for the primary prevention of stroke in this population. Population based studies looking at incidence and prevalence of stroke are much needed. Most studies related to Bangladesh are limited to one or few centers. Large, multicenter studies with nationally representative distribution pattern are required to plan community/population based interventions.
Appendix
A. Questionnaire
Name: [____________________________] Ethnicity: Age: [_________________] Sex:□M□F Ph no: [_________________] Add: [_________________] Admission date/time: ___/___/_____ : ____ PM/AM Education:□Illiterate□Class 1–5□Matric or less intermediate□graduate□Post graduate Meds on adm:□Aspirin□Persantin□Ticlid□Warfarin□Plavix□AntiHTN□Antilipid□oral hypoglycemic□insulin□Others□NONE __________________________________ Blood Pressure At arrival (mmHg): _____/_____. Temp: at arrival: ____°C Pulse at arrival (beats per minute): ________ stroke onset:□awake (Time: _____ am/pm)□asleep _______ (If stroke occurs during sleep onset time will be when person retires to bed) Exact Time (in hours and minutes) between stroke onset and presentation: ___ hrs ___ min Assoc diagnosis on history:□DM□HTN□Dyslipidemia□IHD□MI□A. fib□h/o RHD Prosthetic valve (which valve? __________________) duration Smoking status:□Smoker # pack/year [___]□Ex smoker # of years left smoking [____]□Non smoker Tobacco use:□chewing tobacco□shisha/huqqa□other form of tobacco; Alcohol abuse; current history of alcoholism Previous stroke:□Y□N (hemmorhagic ischemic Unknown). If Yes; # of strokes (_____) Previous TIA:□Y□N If Yes; # of TIA (______) If DM or HTN: Retinopathy□Y□N Proteinuria□Y□N ↑ Creatinine□Y□N (value) [________] Family history: F/H of Stroke in 1° relative:□Y□N F/H of IHD in 1° relative:□Y□N
Stroke Severity at Admission NIHSS score [__________] Rankin: on Adm□0□1□2□3□4□5□6 Rankin: @ baseline□0□1□2□3□4□5□6 (Before stroke onset)
Please mention “not done” if any test is not performed, against the entry Imaging: first imaging: normal:□Y□N CT Scan or MRI (Circle one) If Ist image abnormal:□Intraparenchymal hemorrhage□Intraventricular hemorrhage□Established infarct□Early infarct (Circle one) If >1 infarct: Number of infarct [_______] Periventricular ischemic changes□Y□N Old infarcts:□Y□N (Number of infarcts ______) Subsequent imaging: normal:□Y□N CT Scan or MRI or both (Circle one) MRI date/time: Findings [______________] Intraparenchymal hemorrhage Intraventricular hemorrhage volume New infarct’s Size (cm × cm) [_________] CT date/time: Findings [________] Intraparenchymal hemorrhage Intraventricular hemorrhage volume New infarct’s Size (cm × cm) [_______] Old infarcts number location MRA date/time:□Normal□Abnormal□Variant If variant:□hypoplastic ACA□ACAs filling from one side□absent vertebral□small/hypoplastic□vertebral□PCAfilling through PCom diffuse atherosclerodis in MRA:□ant circ□post circ□both focal stenosis of specific region in MRA:□Y□N region [________] focal occlusion of specific region in MRA:□Y□N region [________] Hemorrhagic Conversion:□Y□N Mass effect:□Y□N Midline shift□Y□N [____] mm
Imaging Findings (New Stroke) Vascular teretories (can be more than one response):□ant cerebral□middle cerebral□Watershed□Vertebrobasilar posterior cerebral Location of infarct or hemorrhage:□Right frontal□Left Frontal□Right Parietal□Left Parietal□Right Temporal□Left Temporal□Right Occipital□Left Occipital□Right basal ganglia□Left Basal Ganglia□Right Thalamus□Left Thalamus□Right Internal capsule□Left Internal Capsule□Right subcortical□Left Subcortical□Right Midbrain□Left Midbrain□Right Pons□Left Pons□Right Medulla□Left Medulla□Right Cerebellar hemisphere□Left Cerebellar Hemishere□Vermis
Workup CXR□nl□pneum cardiomeg□pulm edema□effusion□other (specify): EKG□nl□new Infarct□old infarct□Ischemia□BBB (LBBB/RBBB)□A fib□LAD□LVH Other (specify): (Specify location/region of infarct) Blood sugar at admission (mg/dL): Troponin:□Normal□Elevated Hb/Hct: Red cell count: TLC/DLC: Platelet: Hemoglobin; lipids [Total Chol: ___ Triglyc: ___ TL: ___ HDL: ___ LDL: ___] Hypercoag state:□Y□N□not assessed protein C (____%), protein S (____%), antithrombin III (_____) PT/INR (_____) Aptt (_____) Serum Homocysteine level (_____) Factor VIII level (_____) Antiphospholipid AB:□+ve□−ve□Not done Transthoracic Echo or transthoracic echo (Circle):□done□not done left vent wall motion abnormalties□Y□N left vent systolic function□severe ef < 35%□moderate ef 35–50%□mild ef 50–55%□normal Ejection fr [________]% Thrombus□Y□N location [__________] Valvular disease□Y□N□mit sten□mit regurg□mit prol□aort□other [__________] Atrial dilat□Y□N□Left□Right□both LVH:□Y□N LVDD:□Y□N Vent dilat□Y□N□Left□Right□Both R-L shunt□Y□N PFO□Y□N ASD□Y□N Abnormalities in arch of aorta (Specify): _____ Carotid Doppler:□Nl□Abnl□not done R int crtd plaq□Y□N□Ulcerated□Calcified□Both□Neither% stenosis [__%__] L int crtd plaq□Y□N□Ulcerated□Calcified□Both□Neither% stenosis [__%__] ANY OTHER WORK UP: ______
Hospital Course Received tPA□Y□N (Reason __________) Complications/Events:□DVT□Pneumonia□UTI□GI hem□Bedsore□Stroke□TIA□Angina□MI□CCF/pulmonary edema□cardiogenic shock□phlebitis/cellulitis□sepsis□hematuria□PEG insertion□NG□tube□Foleys Catheter Mech:□ventilation□seizures□Heparinized/anticoagulated (if yes indication ________)□Surgery□Death□Other [________]□NONE
Discharge Diagnosis;□Ischemic stroke□Hemorrhagic stroke Discharge Diagnosis on TOAST criteria (for ischemic stroke):□Large vsl thrombotic□Small vsl thrombotic□Cardioemb□Unknown or ill-defined etiology□Other definite etiology (Specify _____)□Cerebral venous thrombosis New diagnosis:□HTN□DM□Dyslipidemia□CAD Hospital stay: [____] days
Stroke Severity at Discharge NIHSS: [_____] Rankin (MRS):□0□1□2□3□4□5□6 Medications at discharge:□ASA□Warf□Perstn Ticlid□ASA + Prstn□Plavix (Specify drugs on the following)□Anti HTN□Antilipid□oral hypoglycemic□insulin antibiotics□Other [________] Disposition:□Home Hospital□Nursing facility□Expired□Other [________] 30 day follow up: Rankin (MRS):□0□1□2□3□4□5□6 Recurrent stroke yes/no 6 months follow up Rankin (MRS):□0□1□2□3□4□5□6 Recurrent stroke yes/no One year follow up: Rankin (MRS):□0□1□2□3□4□5□6 Recurrent stroke yes/no
B. National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale
Level of Consciousness: 0 = Alert 1 = Not alert, but arousable with minimal stimulation 2 = Not alert, requires repeated stimulation to attend 3 = Coma Questions (ask patient the Month and their age) 0 = Answers both correctly 1 = Answers one correctly 2 = Answers neither correctly Commands (Ask patient to open and close eyes and make fist) 0 = Performs both tasks correctly 1 = Performs one task correctly 2 = Performs neither task Gaze (only horizontal gaze) 0 = Normal 1 = Partial gaze palsy 2 = Total gaze palsy Visual fields 0 = No visual loss 1 = Partial hemianopsia 2 = Complete hemianopsia 3 = Bilateral; hemianopsia Facial Palsy 0 = Normal 1 = Minor paralysis 2 = Partial paralysis 3 = Complete paralysis Motor arm (score each arm separately) 0 = No drift (Able to keep arm extended at 90° while sitting or 45° while lying, with out drift for 10 seconds) 1 = Drift before five seconds 2 = Fall before ten seconds 3 = No effort against gravity 4 = No movement Motor leg (score each leg separately) 0 = No drift (Able to keep leg extended at 30° with out drift for 10 seconds) 1 = Drift before five seconds 2 = Fall before ten seconds 3 = No effort against gravity 4 = No movement Ataxia 0 = Absent, no ataxia 1 = One limb 2 = Two limbs Sensory 0 = Normal 1 = Mild loss 2 = Severe loss Language 0 = Normal 1 = Mild Aphasia 2 = Severe aphasia 3 = Mute or global aphasia Dysarthria 0 = Normal 1 = Mild 2 = Severe 11=Extinction and inattention 0 = Normal 1 = Mild 2 = Severe
Modified Rankin Scale Grade 0; Normal Grade 1; Minor symptoms without disability, able to perform prior activities Grade 2; Slightly disabled but can walk and do self care without assistance Grade 3; Moderately disabled, needing some help but can walk unaided Grade 4; Moderate to severe disability, unable to walk, needing some help in ADL Grade 5: Severly disabled, bedridden, requiring constant care Grade 6: Death
Barthel Index Feeding 0 = unable 5 = needs help cutting, spreading butter, and so forth, or requires modified diet 10 = independent Bathing 0 = dependent 5 = independent (or in shower) Grooming 0 = needs to help with personal care 5 = independent face/hair/teeth/shaving (implements provided) Dressing 0 = dependent 5 = needs help but can do about half unaided 10 = independent (including buttons, zips, laces, etc.) Bowels 0 = incontinent (or needs to be given enemas) 5 = occasional accident 10 = continent Bladder 0 = incontinent, or catheterized and unable to manage alone 5 = occasional accident 10 = continent Toilet Use 0 = dependent 5 = needs some help, but can do something alone 10 = independent (on and off, dressing, wiping) Transfers (bed to chair, and back) 0 = unable, no sitting balance 5 = major help (one or two people, physical), can sit 10 = minor help (verbal or physical) 15 = independent Mobility (on level surfaces) 0 = immobile or <50 yards 5 = wheelchair independent, including corners, >50 yards 10 = walks with help of one person (verbal or physical) >50 yards 15 = independent (but may use any aid; e.g., stick) >50 yards Stairs 0 = unable 5 = needs help (verbal, physical, carrying aid) 10 = independent TOTAL (0–100):
Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Acknowledgments
The work was supported by Sanofi Bangladesh Limited.