Review Article

Lignin: Characterization of a Multifaceted Crop Component

Table 2

Summary of studies suggesting lignification as an effective defense mechanism against biotic stresses in agricultural crops.

Crop species Pathogen speciesReferences

Fungi
Orange fruits, Citrus sinensis L. Penicillium digitatum (Pers.: Fr.) Sacc.[93]
Apple fruit, Malus domestica L. Penicillium expansum Link[94]
Einkorn wheat, Triticum monococcum L.Blumeria graminisf. sp. tritici (Bgt).[95, 96]
Wheat, Triticum aestivum L. Fusarium graminearum Schwabe
Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died) Drechsler
[97]
[98]
Rice, Oryza sativa L. Magnaporthe grisea (T.T. Hebert) M.E. Barr[99, 100]
Perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne L.Puccinia coronata Corda f.sp. lolii Brown[101]
Camelina, Camelina sativa L. CrantzSclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary[102]
Tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum L. Botrytis cinerea (De Bary) Whetzel, Pythium ssp., Alternaria ssp.[103, 104]
Medicago truncatula Gaertn.Phoma medicaginis Malbr. & Roum.[105]
Raspberry, Rubus ssp.Didymella applanata (Niessl) Sacc.[106]
Soybean, Glycine max L. Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. & P. Syd[107]
Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend 
Pythium debaryanum R. Hesse 
Verticillium dahliae Kleb.
[108110]
Potato, Solanum tuberosum L. Phytophtora infestans (Mont.) De Bary
Alternaria solani Sorauer.
[111, 112]
Carrot, Daucus carota L.Mycocentrospora acerina (R. Hartig) Deighton
Alternaria radicina Meier, Drechsler & E.D. Eddy
[113, 114]
Tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum L.Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici[115]
Pearl millet, Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br Sclerospora graminicola (Sacc.) J. Schröt. [116]
Peanut, Arachis hypogea L.Sclerotium rolfsii (Curzi) C.C.Tu & Kimbr.[117]
Pepper, Capsicum annuum L. Verticillium dahliae Kleb.[118]
Cucumber, Cucumis sativus L.Colletotrichum orbiculare (Berk. & Mont.)[119]

Bacteria
RiceXanthomonas oryzae [120]
Tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum L. Erwinia carotovora [121]
TomatoRalstonia solanacearum [122]

Nematodes
Banana, Musa paradisiaca L. Radopholus similis (Cobb) Thorne, Pratylenchus coffeae Goodey[123125]
TomatoMeloidogyne incognita [126]
SoybeanHeterodera glycines Ichinohe[127]

Insects
Rice Sogatella furcifera Horváth[99]
Maize, Zea mays L. Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner, Sesamia nonagrioides Lefèbre[128, 129]
Tobacco rootsAgriotes spp.[130]
51 grassland speciesMultiple[131]