Complete Workplace Indoor Smoking Ban and Smoking Behavior among Male Workers and Female Nonsmoking Workers’ Husbands: A Pseudo Cohort Study of Japanese Public Workers

Table 4

Difference-in-differences (DID) estimates by before and after 2007 time durations, according to smoking ban categories.

Smoking ban categories	DID estimates^a
	Before 2007		After 2007	Before and after 2007
	2001–2004	2004–2007	2007–2010	2001–2010^b	2004–2010
	% point (95% CI)	% point (95% CI)	% point (95% CI)	% point (95% CI)	% point (95% CI)
Total male workers
Early smoking ban (2003–2007)	0.8 (−2.7, 4.3)	−1.6 (−5.3, 2.1)	1.0 (−3.0, 5.1)	0.9 (−3.0, 4.7)	−1.1 (−5.1, 2.9)
Recent smoking ban (after 2007)	0.6 (−2.5, 3.6)	−0.8 (−4.0, 2.5)	3.2 (−0.4, 6.7)	1.8 (−1.5, 5.2)	2.2 (−1.3, 5.7)
Male workers aged 25–39 years^c
Early smoking ban (2003–2007)	3.9 (−1.6, 9.4)	−3.8 (−9.8, 2.1)	−3.0 (−10.5, 4.5)	0.0 (−5.5, 5.4)	−6.8 (−12.9, −0.8)
Recent smoking ban (after 2007)	−1.7 (−6.5, 3.1)	−0.8 (−6.2, 4.5)	−2.5 (−9.1, 4.0)	−1.4 (−6.0, 3.3)	−2.3 (−7.6, 3.0)
Male workers aged 40^c–59^d years
Early smoking ban (2003–2007)	−1.4 (−5.9, 3.2)	−0.6 (−5.3, 4.2)	2.8 (−2.0, 7.6)	1.8 (−3.7, 7.4)	3.2 (−2.1, 8.5)
Recent smoking ban (after 2007)	2.0 (−2.0, 5.9)	−1.2 (−5.4, 3.0)	5.7 (1.5, 10.0)	5.0 (0.2, 9.8)	5.5 (0.9, 10.1)
Husbands of total female workers
Early smoking ban (2003–2007)	−8.4 (−17.1, 0.3)	6.4 (−2.0, 14.7)	2.1 (−5.8, 10.0)	−1.6 (−10.5, 7.2)	11.8 (3.2, 20.5)
Recent smoking ban (after 2007)	1.5 (−5.7, 8.8)	1.5 (−5.5, 8.5)	1.6 (−5.4, 8.6)	3.3 (−4.3, 11.0)	4.2 (−3.2, 11.6)
Husbands of female workers aged 25–39 years^c
Early smoking ban (2003–2007)	−15.2 (−31.0, 0.5)	4.6 (−10.6, 19.8)	0.0 (−14.6, 14.7)	−12.3 (−25.8, 1.1)	8.7 (−5.9, 23.2)
Recent smoking ban (after 2007)	1.0 (−12.1, 14.0)	−1.3 (−14.5, 11.9)	−6.8 (−20.4, 6.8)	−3.0 (−14.6, 8.5)	−8.7 (−21.4, 3.9)
Husbands of female workers aged 40^c–59^d years
Early smoking ban (2003–2007)	−6.0 (−16.4, 4.5)	8.1 (−2.0, 18.2)	2.8 (−6.6, 12.2)	7.2 (−4.7, 19.2)	13.6 (2.6, 24.6)
Recent smoking ban (after 2007)	1.0 (−7.7, 9.7)	2.0 (−6.4, 10.3)	4.6 (−3.5, 12.7)	8.4 (−2.0, 18.7)	11.0 (1.7, 20.2)

aThe category of “Partial smoking ban" was used as a reference. Positive value of DID estimates represents smoking cessation rates.
^bRepresented from Tables 2 and 3.
^cAge in baseline period.
^dAge in follow-up period.
CI: confidence interval.