International Scholarly Research Notices

Review Article

Fungicide: Modes of Action and Possible Impact on Nontarget Microorganisms

Table 1

Action mode and possible nontarget effects of fungicides.


Action mode		Fungicide chemical group	Common name	Nontarget effects

Lipid, sterol, and other membrane components	Lipid	Aromatic hydrocarbons	Dicloran	Mutagen to Salmonella typhimurium [12]
	Lipid	Aromatic hydrocarbons	Etridiazole	Retards nitrification by affecting ammonium oxidizers [13]
	Sterol	Triazoles	Triadimefon	Long-term inhibiting effects on soil bacterial community [7]
		Triazoles	Triticonazole	Increases total number of bacteria in soil [15]
		Cinnamic acid amide	Dimethomorph	Impacts nitrifying and ammonifying bacterial activities in sandy soils [17]
		Triazole	Hexaconazole	Impacts bacterial activities related to N cycling [19]
		Morpholine	Fenpropimorph	Inhibit general bacterial activity in wetland [16]
		Triazole	Propiconazole	Inhibit general bacterial activity in wetland [16]
		Triazole	Tebuconazole	May retard plant-growth-promoting effects of Azospirillum brasilense on its hostplant [20]
	Intracellular membrane components	Hydrochloride	Acriflavine	Thickens peripheral and cross cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus [18]

Amino acid and protein synthesis		Glucopyranosyl antibiotic	Streptomycin	Inhibits amino acid synthesis in bacteria [3] and is neurotoxic to amphibian [4]
Amino acid and protein synthesis		Tetracycline antibiotic	Oxytetracycline	Also used as bactericide [21]

Signal transduction		Phenylpyrroles	Fludioxonil	Toxic to algae [22] and potential risk to prokaryotes [23]
		Dicarboximides	Iprodione	Affects signal transduction in bacteria [24]
		Dicarboximides	Vinclozolin	Inhibits total bacterial growth [25]

Respiration	NADH oxido-reductase (Complex I) inhibitors	Pyrimidinamines	Diflumetorim	Unknown
	Succinate-dehydrogenase (Complex II) inhibitors	Pyridine carboxamides	Boscalid	May affect growth of prokaryotes [26]
		Benzamides	Flutolanil	May affect growth of prokaryotes [26]
		Gxathiin carboxamides	Carboxin	Inhibits denitrifying bacterial activity in wetland sediment [16]
	Oxidative phosphorylation uncouplers	2,6-dinitroanilines	Fluazinam	Have a potential risk to environmental microorganisms [27]
	Oxidative phosphorylation uncouplers	Dinitrophenyl crotonate	Dinocap	Inhibits ammonifying bacterial activity and stimulate general bacterial respiration in soil [28]

Mitosis and cell division	Inhibitor of spindle microtubules assembly	Methyl benzimidazole carbamate	Benomyl	May affect nitrifying bacteria [29] and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi [30]
		Methyl benzimidazole carbamate	Carbendazim	Reduces the diversity of soil bacteria [31]
		Phenylurea	Pencycuron	May affect metabolically activated soil bacteria in short term [32]

Nucleic acids synthesis	RNA polymerase I inhibitors	Acylalanines	Metalaxyl	Affects activities of ammonifying and nitrifying bacteria in soil [33]
	RNA polymerase I inhibitors	Oxazolidinones	Oxadixyl	Unknown
	Adenosin-deaminase inhibitors	Hydroxypyrimidines	Ethirimol	Unknown

		Phthalonitrile	Chlorothalonil	Impacts bacterial activities related to N cycling [29]
Multisite activity		Dithiocarbamate	Mancozeb	Impacts bacterial activities related to nitrogen cycling [17] and carbon cycling [28] in soils
		Phthalimide	Captan	Inhibits denitrifying bacterial activity [16]
		Dithiocarbamate	Thiram	Inhibits denitrifying bacterial activity [16]
		Anthraquinone	Dithianon	Reduces bacterial diversity in soil [34]
		Copper	Copper sulfate	Reduces the number of bacteria and streptomycetes in sandy soil [35]