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| Authors | Type of study | Subjects | Methods | Findings |
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Cook et al. [15] | Randomized controlled factorial | 8,171 female health professionals aged ≥40 with a history of CVD or3 CVD risk factors with followup of 9.4 years | Vitamin C (500 mg/d), E (600 IU every other day), or -carotene (50 mg every other day) | No association between vitamin C, E or -carotene on cardiovascular events. |
| Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group [13] | Randomized placebo-controlled | 20,536 UK adults aged 40–80 with CHD, OAD, or DM with followup of 5 years | -carotene 20 mg/d, vitamin E 600 mg/d, and vitamin C 250 mg/d, or placebo | No association between -carotene consumption and the 5-year mortality from, or incidence of, any type of vascular disease |
|
Hennekens et al. [17] | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled | 22,071 US male physicians aged 40–84 without heart disease, stroke or cancer with followup of 12 years | β-carotene 50 mg/d or placebo | No association between -carotene supplementation and the incidence of CVD, or death from all causes among primarily nonsmokers. |
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Klipstein-Grobusc et al. [11] | Community-based prospective | 4,802 subjects aged 55–95 | Questionnaire and interview with trained dietitian | An inverse association between high dietary -carotene intake and risk of MI |
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Kohlmeier et al. [20] | Multicenter case-control | 1,387 subjects from 10 European countries with MI or controls | Assay of 3 carotenoids in adipose tissue biopsies | Adipose tissue lycopene level was best predictor of MI risk |
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Rapola et al. [14] | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled | 1,862 male smokers aged 50–69 with previous MI with follow-up of 5.3 years | α-tocopherol (50 mg/d), -carotene (20 mg/d), both, or placebo | Supplementation of -carotene increased the risk of fatal coronary events |
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Rimm et al. [12] | Prospective | 39,910 US male health professionals aged 40–75 | Interview using questionnaire | Higher carotene intake was associated with lower risk of CHD only among current smokers |
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Rissanen et al. [21] | Cross-sectional | 1,028 men aged 46–64 in eastern Finland | Blood assay and CCA-IMT measurement | Lowest quartile of serum lycopene had higher CCA-IMT |
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Sesso et al. [22] | Prospective nested case-control study | 499 with CVD and 499 controls male US physicians | Blood assay and self-reported data to a standard questionnaire | No association between plasma lycopene and the risk of CVD |
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Tavani et al. [10] | Case-control study | 433 Italian women with nonfatal AMI and 869 controls | Interview on dietary -carotene intake using a structured questionnaire | The risk of AMI was inversely related to -carotene intake for the highest quintile of intake compared to the lowest |
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