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| Author | Outcome measures | Results | Authors’ conclusions |
|
| Vendittoli et al. [14] | Morphine consumption, Pain control, Medication-related side effects | Reduced morphine consumption, pain scores, and nausea with LIA | Multimodal approach offers improved pain control with minimal side effects |
| Kerr and Kohan [15] | Pain scores,Time to mobilisation,LOS | Satisfactory pain control,most walk 5-6 hrs, 71% single overnight stay | Simple, safe, and effective for pain management in hip and knee surgery |
| Andersen et al. [16] | Opiate consumption,Pain control,Medication-related side effects | Reduced pain (up to 2 weeks) and opiate consumption with LIA,No difference in LOS | Reduces pain and the requirements for analgesics after hip replacement |
| Busch et al. [17] | PCA consumption, Pain control | Reduced PCA requirements first 24 hrs and pain scores 4 hrs, No difference in LOS | Reduces requirements for PCA and improves satisfaction |
| Essving et al. [18] | Analgesic consumption, Pain control, LOS | Reduced analgesic consumption and pain scores, Shorter time to home readiness but no difference in LOS | Excellent pain relief, lower morphine consumption and shorter time to home readiness |
| Gómez-Cardero and Rodríguez-Merchán [19] | Pain scores, Opioid use, Joint function, LOS | Lower pain scores and opioid use first 72 hrs No difference in ROM, Reduced LOS | Effective in treating pain and reducing opioid use and also reduces mean LOS without increased risk of complications |
| Krenzel et al. [20] | Pain scores, Opioid use | Reduced PCA use at first 12 hrs only | Posterior capsular injection did not improve pain or accelerate recovery after 12 hrs in patients receiving a CFNB |
| Andersen et al. [21] | Pain in each leg | Significant reduction in pain up to 32 hrs | Effective, and due to simplicity, may be preferable to other analgesic techniques |
| Zhang et al. [22] | Pain scores, Opioid use, Joint function | Lower pain scores (8–48 hrs) and opiate consumption (24–48 hrs) and improved flexion (days 7 and 90) with LIA and continuous infusion | Continuous LIA provides prolonged superior analgesia. It is associated with more favourable functional recovery |
| Chen et al. [23] | Pain scores | Longer time to first narcotic rescue, Lower pain scores at first 2 hrs only, No difference in LOS | Continuous intra-articular infusion of bupivacaine does not provide sustained pain relief |
| Andersen et al. [24] | Pain scores | Reduced pain at first 6 hrs but not at 24 hrs | Effective in early postoperative pain relief but no improved analgesia with 24 hr bolus |
| Andersen et al. [25] | Pain scores | No significant difference between groups | Optimal site of administration of LA cannot be determined from this study |
| Spreng et al. [26] | Pain scores, Rehabilitation, Discharge readiness | Lower pain scores initially in the epidural groups. Both LIA groups mobilised faster and were ready for discharge earlier | LIA is effective when compared to epidural analgesia. Ketorolac and morphine are more effective when given locally |
| Andersen et al. [27] | Pain scores, Time to mobilisation, LOS | LIA group observed reduced pain scores at 20–96 hrs, narcotic consumption, and LOS with increased early mobilisation | LIA combined with intra-articular injection can be recommended in THA |
| Andersen et al. [28] | Pain scores, Medication-related side effects, LOS | Reduced morphine consumption and pain scores with LIA. No difference in LOS but ready for discharge earlier with LIA | Provides superior pain relief and reduced morphine consumption compared with continuous epidural infusion and Offers advantages in its simplicity and minimal risk of complications |
| Thorsell et al. [29] | Pain scores, Time to mobilisation, LOS | Lower pain scores and earlier mobilisation with LIA No difference LOS | LIA is better for postoperative pain relief after TKR then epidural |
| Toftdahl et al. [30] | Pain scores, Opioid consumption, Time to mobilisation, LOS | Reduced pain scores during physio and opioid consumption on day 1 only, no difference LOS | This technique provides a good quality of analgesia after TKR without increased risk |
| Carli et al. [31] | Opiate consumption, Functional walking capacity, Physical activity | No difference in pain scores but reduced opiate consumption with FNB. Physical activity and knee function improved at 6 weeks with FNB | FNB is associated with lower opioid consumption and a better recovery at 6 weeks |
| Affas et al. [32] | Pain scores,opiate consumption | No difference in pain scores or opiate consumption | Both provide good analgesia after TKR. LIA is cheaper and easier to perform |
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