Catalytic sites X-ray structure of ATP synthase showing spatial relationship of charged α and β-subunit residues. The βDP site in the AlF₄ ⁻-inhibited enzyme structure is taken from [61]. E. coli residue numbering is used. Four positively and four negatively charged residue in close proximity to the bound phosphate analog AlF₄ ⁻ are identified. Rasmol software [70] was used to generate this figure using PDB file 1H8E [61].