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Biological effects related to N/OFQ or its interaction in the neuroimmune axis | Mechanisms | Animal conditions or cell type | Ref |
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Bacterial products (LPS) and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) increase the expression of N/OFQ in astrocytes | Dependent on ERK, p38 MAPK, and NF-κB activation | Primary rat astrocytes culture | [33] |
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LPS induce N/OFQ expression in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons | The complex TLR-4-MD-1 seems to be a functional receptor of neurons for LPS | DRG neurons obtained from mice | [77] |
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N/OFQ induces vasodilatation and hyperemia in acutely inflamed rat knees | Dependent of mast cells, and circulating leukocytes, which produces proinflammatory factors that stimulate capsaicin-sensitive nerves leading to release of SP, CGRP and VIP | Anesthetized rats (kaolin/carragee an arthritis model) | [78] |
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Increased vascular permeability in rat skin by local application of nociceptin | Histamine released from mast cells | Wistar rats, peritoneal mast cells isolated | [79] |
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N/OFQ i.v. injection induces hypotension, vasodilatation, vascular permeability, leukocytes rolling, and adhesion | Vasodilation and inflammation dependent, of histamine released by mast cells | Wistar rats | [80] |
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N/OFQ elicits in mice itch and leukotriene B4 production | Not clear | ICR mice, keratinocytes from mice | [81] |
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N/OFQ induces chemotaxis of neutrophils in vitro and leukocytes recruitment in vivo | The chemotaxis were Ca2+ independent, and leukocytes infiltration into air pouches cavities were inhibited by 15-Epi-Lipoxin A4 treatment | Human PMN-isolated and murine air pouches model | [31] |
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Human neutrophils secrete preformed N/OFQ upon degranulation induced by microbial-derived N-formylated protein | N/OFQ prevents cAMP elevation in fMLP-stimulated PMNs acting as an activating signal | Human neutrophils | [32] |
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NOP-deficient mice developed attenuated colitis when orally treated with dextran sulfate sodium | Decreased expression of MadCAM-1 and significant reduction in the number of lymphocytes, macrophages and neutrophils in colonic mucosa | NOP deficient and wild-type C57BL6 mice | [59] |
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Pharmacological blockade of NOP receptor decreases rate mortality and systemic inflammation in septic rats | Control of bacteria spread (peritoneal cavity and blood) and decreased lung infiltration and serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and CCL2 | Rats subjected to CLP | [55] |
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N/OFQ decreases SEB-activated T-cell proliferation | Induction of active IDO expression in T cells by a mechanism involving IFN-γ, TGF-β, prostaglandin, and nitric oxide | SEB-activated CD4+ T cells | [42] |
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Modulation of genes transcription involved in the neuroimmune axis functions | N/OFQ induces cell signaling via several intracellular pathways leading to MAP kinase activation, PKC activation, NFκB nuclear translocation, and hence gene transcriptions | Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, CHO transfected cells | [82–85] |
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