Towards Universal Screening for Colon Cancer: A Cheap, Reliable, Noninvasive Test Using Gene Expression Analysis of Rectal Swabs
Table 3
Multivariate analysis of gene expression in normal appearing colon mucosa of colon of individuals with cancer and controls.
(a) Sigmoidal-rectal colon
Normal subjects
Cancer patients
Gene
Mean + SD
Range
value
1
CXCR2
1.30 ± 1.11
0.81–210.11
<0.01
2
Gro-α
2.93 ± 6.93
0.78–104.69
NS
3
IL-8
2.25 ± 2.63
1.22–82.14
0.0001
4
COX-2
1.80 ± 2.63
0.91–66.26
0.001
5
OPN
1.55 ± 2.04
0.94–58.08
0.0001
6
Gro-γ
1.92 ± 3.34
0.80–36.50
NS
7
M-CSF-1
1.54 ± 1.40
1.54–30.70
0.0001
8
COX-1
1.22 ± 0.87
0.12–9.58
NS
9
CD44
1.12 ± 0.56
0.54–6.52
<0.05
10
c-MYC
1.24 ± 0.82
0.12–4.76
NS
11
Cyclin D
1.28 ± 0.84
0.43–4.44
NS
12
PPAR-α
1.10 ± 0.62
0.02–2.87
NS
13
PPAR-δ
1.15 + 0.55
0.023–1.90
<0.01
14
P21
1.04 + 0.29
0.40–1.68
<0.01
15
PPAR-γ
1.07 + 0.40
0.01–1.28
<0.01
(b) Ascending colon
Normal subjects
Cancer patients
Gene
Mean + SD
Range
value
1
CXCR2
1.32 + 1.08
1.90–90.20
<0.05
2
Gro-α
1.60 + 2.08
0.46–29.90
NS
3
IL-8
1.66 + 1.62
1.32–182.66
<0.05
4
COX-2
1.84 + 3.04
2.96–152.50
0.0001
5
OPN
1.53 + 1.31
9.24–152.98
0.0001
6
Gro-γ
1.40 + 1.41
0.63–11.16
NS
7
M-CSF-1
1.68 + 1.62
4.01–40. 19
0.0001
8
COX-1
1.17 + 0.75
0.84–44.90
<0.001
9
CD44
1.11 + 0.51
0.99–13.63
0.0001
10
c-MYC
1.16 + 0.63
0.39–10.82
NS
11
Cyclin D
1.38 + 1.08
0.12–13.15
NS
12
PPAR-α
1.16 + 0.58
0.22–4.09
NS
13
PPAR-δ
1.13 + 0.55
0.02–7.08
<0.05
14
p21
1.09 + 0.40
0.04–2.66
NS
15
PPAR-g
1.08 + 0.42
0.01–1.14
0.01
Colon mucosa samples were isolated from (a) the sigmoidal-rectal region of noncancer subjects (78 samples from 12 individuals) and from the adjacent normal mucosa of patients with sigmoidal-rectal cancer (62 samples from 5 patients); or (b) from the ascending region of noncancer subjects (39 samples from 11 individuals) and from the adjacent normal mucosa of patients with ascending colon cancer (65 samples from 4 patients). Samples were analyzed for gene expression as described in the Material and Methods section. Means + standard deviations are given for noncancer subjects; ranges are given for cancer patients. Multivariate analysis was then performed on each gene taken in relation to all the other genes, to determine the significance of the difference between cancer and noncancer individuals. NS, not significant at level.
