Review Article
What Have We Learned about the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis from TNF-Targeted Therapy?
| Cytokine | Expression | mRNA | Protein |
| Proinflammatory | | | IL-1 | + | + | TNF | + | + | Lymphotoxin | + | ± | IL-6 | + | + | GM-CSF | + | + | M-CSF | + | + | LIF | + | + | Oncostatin M | + | + | IL-12 | + | + | IL-15 | + | + | IFN | + | + | IFN | + | ± | IL-17 | + | + | IL-18 | + | + |
| Immunoregulatory | | | IL-2 | + | ± | IL-4 | ± | − | IL-10 | + | + | IL-11 | + | + | IL-13 | + | + | TGF | + | + |
| Chemokines | | | IL-8 | + | + | Gro | + | + | MIP-1 | + | + | MCP-1 | + | + | ENA-78 | + | + | RANTES | + | + |
| Growth factors | | | FGF | + | + | PDGF | + | + | VEGF | + | + |
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Cytokines expressed in synovial tissue from patients with RA. Adapted from [55].
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