Research Article
Addressing Female Iron-Deficiency Anaemia in India: Is Vegetarianism the Major Obstacle?
Table 2
Associations of diet-related, socioeconomic, and demographic characteristics with moderate or severe anaemia: National Family Health Survey, 2005-06.
| | Obs. | Full sample | Nonpregnant | Food secure | | OR | (s.e.) | OR | (s.e.) | OR | (s.e.) | | 81,301 | 76,562 | 7,220 |
| | Diet-related variables | | | | | | | | Eats meat daily | 0.89** | (0.04) | 0.89** | (0.05) | 0.48*** | (0.06) | | Eats meat weekly/occasionally | 1.00 | (0.03) | 0.99 | (0.03) | 0.79** | (0.08) | | Eats green leafy vegetables daily | 0.69 | (0.28) | 0.62 | (0.24) | 0.32 | (0.30) | | Eats green leafy vegetables weekly/occasionally | 0.70 | (0.28) | 0.62 | (0.24) | 0.32 | (0.30) | | Eats dairy products daily | 0.89*** | (0.03) | 0.90*** | (0.03) | 0.88 | (0.12) | | Eats dairy products weekly/occasionally | 0.90*** | (0.03) | 0.92** | (0.03) | 0.80 | (0.11) | | Eats fruits daily | 0.98 | (0.06) | 0.99 | (0.07) | 1.04 | (0.28) | | Eats fruits weekly/occasionally | 1.04 | (0.06) | 1.05 | (0.06) | 1.12 | (0.27) |
| | Socioeconomic and demographic characteristics | | | | | | | | Number of children | 1.02*** | (0.01) | 1.02** | (0.01) | 1.07* | (0.04) | | Employed | 0.96** | (0.02) | 0.96* | (0.02) | 0.87 | (0.08) | | Education level-primary | 1.02 | (0.03) | 1.04 | (0.03) | 1.23 | (0.16) | | Education level-higher than elementary | 0.96 | (0.03) | 0.98 | (0.03) | 1.23 | (0.17) | | Piped water for drinking | 0.95* | (0.03) | 0.95* | (0.03) | 1.12 | (0.11) | | Muslims and Christians | 0.92** | (0.03) | 0.92** | (0.04) | 1.08 | (0.16) | | Jain and Buddhist | 0.83* | (0.08) | 0.84* | (0.09) | 1.23 | (0.55) | | Other religion | 0.87 | (0.11) | 0.87 | (0.12) | 3.29** | (1.86) | | Spouse | 0.97 | (0.02) | 0.95** | (0.02) | 0.94 | (0.08) | | BMI: severely underweight | 1.25*** | (0.05) | 1.30*** | (0.05) | 1.18 | (0.22) | | BMI: underweight | 1.23*** | (0.03) | 1.28*** | (0.03) | 1.20 | (0.16) | | BMI: overweight | 0.67*** | (0.02) | 0.64*** | (0.02) | 0.66*** | (0.07) | | BMI: obese | 0.62*** | (0.04) | 0.62*** | (0.04) | 0.90 | (0.14) | | Husband’s education-primary | 0.94* | (0.03) | 0.95* | (0.03) | 0.91 | (0.13) | | Husband’s edu. Higher than primary | 0.89*** | (0.03) | 0.89*** | (0.03) | 0.75** | (0.10) | | Scheduled caste | 1.12*** | (0.04) | 1.13*** | (0.04) | 1.20 | (0.13) | | Scheduled tribe | 1.33*** | (0.06) | 1.32*** | (0.06) | 1.33 | (0.44) | | Backward caste | 1.03 | (0.03) | 1.03 | (0.03) | 1.35** | (0.18) | | Caste-do not know | 0.94 | (0.06) | 0.94 | (0.06) | 0.84 | (0.21) | | Wealth Quintile-2nd | 0.90*** | (0.03) | 0.91** | (0.04) | 0.67 | (0.29) | | Wealth Quintile-3rd | 0.86*** | (0.03) | 0.87*** | (0.04) | 0.63 | (0.23) | | Wealth Quintile-4th | 0.84*** | (0.04) | 0.87*** | (0.04) | 0.75 | (0.27) | | Wealth Quintile-5th | 0.76*** | (0.04) | 0.78*** | (0.05) | 0.61 | (0.23) | | Rural | 0.92*** | (0.03) | 0.92** | (0.03) | 1.04 | (0.11) | | Pregnant | 2.76*** | (0.10) | | | 2.45*** | (0.42) | | Age | 0.96*** | (0.01) | 0.95*** | (0.01) | 0.90** | (0.04) | | Age: squared | 1.00*** | (0.00) | 1.00*** | (0.00) | 1.00*** | (0.00) | | Food secure: Himachal Pradesh | 0.96 | (0.11) | 0.99 | (0.12) | | | | Food secure: Kerala | 0.64*** | (0.07) | 0.65*** | (0.07) | | | | Food secure: Punjab | 1.02 | (0.08) | 1.02 | (0.08) | | | | Food insecure: Bihar | 1.07 | (0.09) | 1.10 | (0.09) | | | | Food insecure: Jharkhand | 1.16* | (0.09) | 1.18* | (0.10) | | | | Food insecure: Madhya Pradesh | 0.90* | (0.06) | 0.90 | (0.06) | | | | Constant | 0.52 | (0.23) | 0.65 | (0.28) | 2.87 | (3.43) |
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Only selected state dummies are presented. ***, ** and *indicate statistical significance at 1%, 5%, and 10%, respectively.
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