Study STI studied Location When Population Type of study Circumcision status Method of diagnosis Agot [152 ]; Kenya From October 1999 to May 2000 18–49 y/o sexually active males unaware of HIV status in circumcising and noncircumcising denominations in Luo ethnic community Cross-sectional Physical exam Report
Auvert et al. [153 ]; Kisumu, Kenya From June 1997 to March 1998 General population Cluster design to randomly select households Physical exam and self-report Serology (HSV and syphilis). Urine DNA (GC and CT)
Auvert et al. [105 ]; Orange Farm, South Africa 2002–2006 Men interested in a free circumcision Randomized clinical trial Intention to treat Urethral swabs (HPV)
Aynaud et al. [33 ]; Paris, France From March 1991 to September 1992 Men whose female partners had genital condylomata or intraepithelial neoplasia Cross-sectional study Physical exam Colposcopy, viral culture, and biopsy
Aynaud et al. [34 ]; Paris, France Not documented Heterosexual HIV-negative men whose female partner has HPV Cross-sectional study Physical exam Chlamydia by PCR, cultures (GC), and HPV by biopsy and penoscopy Bailey [114 ]; Mbale, Uganda From April to May 1997 General population Single stage cluster sampling cross section Report Report Baldwin [154 ]; Tucson, Arizona From July 2000 to January 2001 High risk men attending a public STD clinic Cross-sectional Physical exam Swab of glans and sulcus (HPV) Barile [59 ]; Japan Not documented US military personnel in Japan Case control Physical exam Clinically Bassett [155 ]; Sydney, Australia From December 1990 to May 1991 STD clinic Consecutive sample of heterosexual men Physical exam HSV2 by serology Bleeker [156 ]; Amsterdam From April 2002 to November 2002 18–75 years old. Group A with female partner without CIN. Group B female partner with CIN. Non-STD hospital population Consecutive sample of male partners of Physical exam Swab of glans, sulcus, corona, and frenulum (HPV) Burundi [72 ]; Burundi 2010 General population from 15 to 49 years old National representative population survey Patient report Patient report Buvé [61 ]; Kisumu, Kenya; Ndola, Zambia; Cotonou, Benin; Yaoundé, Cameroon From June 1997 to March 1998 General population from 15 to 49 years old Cluster design to randomly select households Physical exam and self-report Serology (HSV and Lues) Bwayo [36 ]; 25 miles from Nairobi From June 1989 to February 1992 Truck drivers enrolled at roadside research clinic Self-selected convenience sample Not documented Report (GDS and GUD) and serology (Lues) Cameron [97 ]; Nairobi, Kenya From March 1986 to December 1987. Followup to March 1988 STD clinic and men who got STD from a prostitute Prospective cohort study Physical exam Not documented Castellsagué [99 ]; Brazil, Thailand, Philippines, Spain, Columbia 1985–1993 Husband or stable partner of woman with cervical cancer or a control woman Seven separate case-control studies Physical exam in Brazil, Thailand, and Philippines. Report in Spain and Columbia PCR for HPV from urethra and glans swabs Cook [30 ]; Seattle, Washington From January to December 1988 STD clinic Chart review of heterosexual men Chart review (14.3% missing) Urethral swabs, syphilis by serology, warts, and HSV clinically and warts clinically Dave [133 ]; Great Britain 2000 General population Large-scale, stratified, probability sample survey Report Report
Dickson et al. [157 ]; Dunedin, New Zealand 1999 Birth cohort from 1972 to 1973 Prospective cohort repeatedly studied from birth Not documented Serology (HSV)
Dickson et al. [51 ]; Dunedin, New Zealand From 2004 to 2005 Birth cohort from 1972 to 1973 Prospective cohort repeatedly studied from birth Life-time medical records Life-time medical records
Dickson et al. [158 ]; HPV Dunedin, New Zealand From 2004 to 2005 Birth cohort from 1972 to 1973 Prospective cohort repeatedly studied from birth Life-time medical records Serology for 6, 11, 16, and 18 Dinh [71 ]; United States From 1999 to 2004 Random sample of general population aged from 18 to 59 National survey NHANES Patient report using visual aids Patient report Diseker [159 ]; Baltimore, Denver, Long Beach, San Francisco From July 1993 to September 1996 STD clinic Part of RCT, baseline analysis, and cohort analysis Physical exam GC by culture, chlamydia by urine PCR, and syphilis by serology Donovan [160 ]; Sydney, Australia From December 1990 to May 1991 STD clinic Consecutive sample of heterosexual men Physical exam NGU by clinical picture and microscopy, TPHA for syphilis, HSV by cell culture or clinical criteria, and warts clinically Fergusson [138 ]; Christchurch, New Zealand From 1998 and 2002 Birth cohort from 1977 Prospective cohort repeatedly studied from birth Report and medical records Patient report Ferris [161 ]; Australia 2005 16–64 years old Representative national sample Patient report Patient report Gebremedhin [52 , 162 ]; any Africa 2003–2007 General population 18 national demographic health surveys Patient report Patient report
Giuliano et al. [102 ]; Sao Paulo, 2005 and 2006 18–70 years old, no previous warts, and no STD or HIV Prospective cohort study Physical exam Glans, sulcus, shaft, and scrotum Gottlieb [62 ]; Baltimore, Denver, Long Beach, San Francisco From July 1993 to September 1996 STD clinic Part of RCT cohort analysis Physical exam Serology (HSV)
Gray et al. [44 , 163 ], Rakai, Uganda From November 1994 to October 1998 General population Randomized cluster of general population Report Urine PCR (GC and CT), serology (HSV and syphilis), and clinically (GUD)
Gray et al. [53 ]; Rakai, Uganda Completed December 2006 Men 15–45 who wanted a free circumcision Randomized controlled trial Intention to treat GUD on physical examination Hand [25 ]; US Naval Hospital St. Albans, NY 1945 Sailors Not documented Not documented Not documented Harbertson [164 ]; Rwanda From October 2008 to November 2010 Active duty soldiers
21 years old in Rwanda Defense Forces from 46 military sites Cross-sectional Patient report Patient report
Hart [69 ]; Australia 1970 Soldiers, STD clinic Cross-sectional Physical exam Clinical diagnosis Hart [165 ]; South Australia From 1988 to 1990 STD clinic Consecutive sample Not documented Chlamydia by enzyme immunoassay and GC by smear and culture Hernandez [35 ]; Hawaii From July 2004 to December 2006 University students
18 years old Convenience sample Physical exam HPV swabbed glans, sulcus, shaft, scrotum, and inner foreskin Hutchinson [1 ]; Metropolitan Free Hospital, London Past year’s experience Men with an STD Not documented Jew versus Gentile Clinically Kapiga [166 ]; Moshi, Tanzania From June to October 2000 Hotel and bar workers Randomized sample Physical exam Serology (HSV) Klavs [167 ]; Slovenia 1999–2001 Men 18–49 years old National probability sample Report Patient report Lajous [100 ]; Mexico From July 2000 to July 2003 Healthy military men Cross-sectional study Physical exam performed but analysis based on report HPV DNA Langeni [85 ]; Botswana 2001 Men 15–64 who had intercourse National represented sample Report GDS or GDS by report in the past 12 months Laumann [89 ]; United States 1992 Men 18–59 years old National probability sample Report Report Lavreys [168 ]; Kenya From March 1993 to June 1997 HIV negative-truck drivers Prospective cohort study and convenience sample Physical exam Chlamydia by serology assay, TPHA & RPR (syphilis), HSV by serology assay, warts clinically, and chancroid by serology assay Lloyd [57 ]; Guy’s Hospital, London From January to June 1932 STD clinic Convenience sample Physical exam Clinically and soft chancre clinically Lu [84 ]; Tucscon, Arizona; Tampa, Florida From September 2003 to December 2005 18–40 year old sexually active males with no previous genital warts or penile cancer or current STD Prospective cohort study Physical exam Glans, shaft, and scrotum Mallon [24 ]; Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London 1994–1997 Patients referred to a dermatology specialty clinic Retrospective case control Physical exam Not documented Mandal [169 ]; United Kingdom STD clinic and men with no evidence of clinical anogenital warts Cross-sectional Not documented Cytology of swabs from urethra, glans, shaft, and anorectal Mattson [170 ]; Kisumu, Kenya 2002–2006 18–24 year olds who wanted a free circumcision Randomized clinical trial Physical exam PCR for GC and CT and culture for T. vaginalis
Mehta et al. [171 ]; Kisumu, Kenya 2002–2006 Men interested in a free circumcision Randomized clinical trial Intention to treat Urine for GC and chlamydia
Mehta et al. [172 ]; Kisumu, Kenya 2002–2006 18–24 year old men who wanted a free circumcision Randomized clinical trial Intention to treat Serology (Lues and HSV) and Clinically identified (GUD) Mor [173 ]; San Francisco From January 1996 to December 2005 STD clinic Consecutive sample Physical exam Not documented Mujugira [174 ]; Botswana, Kenya, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia From November 2004 and April 2007 HIV-negative partners of women who are HIV and HSV positive Discordant couples Physical exam Serology (HSV) Müller [175 ]; Alexandra, Johannesburg, South Africa From December 2006 to July 2008 18+ sexually active attending HIV testing clinic Cross-sectional Physical exam Glans, sulcus, and shaft Mwandi [88 ]; Kenya From August to December 2007 General population from 15 to 64 years old Representative samples of households Patient report Serology (HSV) Nasio [98 ]; Nairobi From January to September 1993 STD clinic Convenience sample Physical exam Report Newell [176 ]; Mwanza Region, Tanzania From 1990 to 1991 General population Random cluster sample survey Report Report (GDS and GUD) and serology (syphilis) Ng’ayo [177 ]; Kisumu, Kenya Not documented Fishermen along Lake Victoria
18 years of age Random cluster sample cross-sectional survey Not documented Serology (HSV) Ng’ayo [178 ]; Kisumu, Kenya Not documented Fishermen along Lake Victoria
18 years of age Random cluster sample cross-sectional survey Physical exam Swab of glans, corona, shaft, scrotum, and perianal Nielson [179 ]; HPV Tucscon, Arizona; Tampa, Florida 2002–2005 18–40 year old sexually active males with no previous genital warts or penile cancer or current STD Cross-sectional Physical exam Swab of glans, sulcus, shaft, scrotum, perianal area, and urethra (optional) Obasi [63 ]; Rural Mwanza Region, Tanzania May and June 1993 General population Nested case-control study within an RCT Not documented Type specific ELISA for HSV2 Oglivie [180 ]; British Columbia, Canada Not documented STD clinic never MSM Cross-sectional study Physical exam Glans, foreskin, shaft, and scrotum Oriel [29 ]; St. Thomas Hospital, London From October 1967 to January 1979 STD clinic Consecutive sample Physical exam Not documented Otieno-Nyunya [181 ]; Lues Kenya 2007 General population Nationally representative population-based serosurvey Find article Serology Parker [140 ]; Perth, Australia From May to September 1981 STD clinic Consecutive sample Report and physical exam Cultures and microscopy (NSU, CT, and GC), serology (syphilis) culture (HSV) and warts clinically Partridge [182 ]; Seattle, Washington From June 2003 to March 2006 recruitment University of Washington students 18–20 years old history of vaginal intercourse Prospective cohort study Physical exam HPV swabs of penile shaft, glans, foreskin, scrotum, and urine. Rakwar [70 ]; Mombasa, Kenya Beginning of March 1993 Long-distance truckers Cross-sectional Physical exam Serology and culture of genital ulcers Reynolds [183 ]; Pune, India 1993–2000 STD clinic Prospective cohort study Physical exam Positive gram stain of urethral discharge (GC), RPR, or darkfield (syphilis). Serology (HSV) Richters [184 ]; Australia From May 2001 to June 2002 Males 16–59 National probability sample Report Report Rodriguez-Diaz [185 ]; San Juan, Puerto Rico From October 2009 to December 2011 STD clinic and Males from 16 to 83 years old Cross-sectional Report Report Rombaldi [186 ]; Caxias do Sul, Brazil From February 2003 to July 2004 Sexual partners of women with CIN Prospective, prevalence study Physical exam Penoscopy and sampling of urethra, glans, preputial mucosa, and shaft Schneider [187 ]; Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh, India From September 2004 to September 2005 15–49 year olds general populations Random clusters Report Serology Schrek [58 ]; Hines Veteran Hospital, Illinois 1931–1944 World War I veterans Cross-sectional study Age at circumcision by report Report Seed [188 ]; Rwanda From March to October 1991 Steady sexual partner of women enrolled in Project San Francisco Cross-sectional study Physical exam Report (GDS and GUD) and RPR (syphilis) Shin [189 ]; Busan, South Korea From August 29 to September 30, 2002 University students Cross section Report Continuous swab for HPV DNA from scrotum to top of glans Simonsen [190 ]; Nairobi From March to December 1986 STD clinic and men with an STD from a prostitute Convenience sample Physical exam Chancroid by culture Smith [191 ]; US military post From January 1983 to September 1984 US Army personnel Cross section Physical exam CDC criteria and culture Sobngwi-Tambekou [192 ]; Orange Farm, South Africa 2005 Males interest in a free circumcision Randomized clinical trial Intention to treat Urine samples for GC and CT and serology (HSV) Suligoi [64 ]; Garoua, northern Cameroon From December 1997 to January 1998 General medical outpatients without complaints of STD or HIV Consecutive sample Report HSV by ELISA Svare [193 ]; Copenhagen, Denmark From March to December 1993 STD clinic Consecutive sample Report Penile swab for PCR Talukdar [194 ]; Kolkata, India Not documented Homeless men 18–49 years old Cluster design among homeless men Religion Urine PCR (GC) TPHA (syphilis) Taylor [195 ]; Whitechapel Clinic, The London Hospital From June 1970 to August 1973 STD clinic Consecutive sample with randomly selected controls Chart review (10.9% missing) Clinical diagnosis and HSV2 by culture Telzak [60 ]; New York City 1988–1991 STD clinic Prospective cohort study Patient report Dark field, RPR, culture, Tzanck smear, and clinical diagnosis Thomas [68 ]; United States Military From February 1997 to June 2001 HIV-positive cases and HIV negative controls Case control Medical records/patient report Patient report
Tobian et al. [82 ]; Rakai, Uganda Ended December 2006 Men 15–45 who wanted a free circumcision Randomized clinical trial Physical exam Swab of glans and sulcus (HPV) and serology (HSV and syphilis) Todd [145 ]; Mwanza, Tanzania From 1991 to 1994 General population Community randomized trial nested case control Not documented RPR and VDRL Tseng [66 ]; Los Angeles, California From May 1975 to October 1985 Cases of penile cancer and matched controls and mean age 55.9 and 56.2, respectively Case control Patient report Patient report Tyndall [137 ]; Nairobi Not documented STD clinic and men with genital ulcers Convenience sample Physical exam Report Uganda [73 ]; Uganda From February to September 2011 Adults from 15 to 59 National representative population-based survey Patient report Serology Urassa [79 ]; Mwanza Region, Tanzania Study 1: 1990-1991. Study 1: GP*. . Study 1: stratified random cluster sample. Study 1, 2, 3, and 5: report. RPR for syphilis and patient report for any STI Vaccarella [86 ]; Mexico, 27 public clinics in 14 states From January 2003 to September 2004 Men attending vasectomy clinic Consecutive sample Physical exam in Mexico Complete swab from scrotum to urethra VanBuskirk [32 ]; Seattle, Washington From June 2003 to March 2006 recruitment University of Washington students 18–20 years old history of vaginal intercourse Prospective cohort study Physical exam HPV swabs of penile shaft, glans, foreskin, scrotum, and urine. Van Den 67 ]; Seattle, Washington From April 1987 to September 1991 Men
18 years with condylomata acuminata and matched controls in 4 HMO clinics Case control Patient report Clinical exam Van Wagoner [196 ]; Birmingham, Alabama Not documented STD clinic and self-identified heterosexual men Cross-sectional Physical exam Serology and culture Vardas [197 ]; Not reported 18 countries in Africa, Asia-Pacific, Europe, Latin America, and North America Heterosexual men from 16 to 24 years with 1 to 5 lifetime female partners Cross-sectional Physical exam Serology for 6, 11, 16, and 18; swab of penis, scrotum, perineum, and perianal (HPV) Warner [87 ]; Baltimore, MD From 1993 to 2000 Heterosexual African American men undergoing HIV testing at STD clinics Chart review Physical exam documented in medical record Clinical exam Vaz [198 ]; Maputo, Mozambique From 1990 to 1991 Prisoners Convenience sample Patient report RPR and FTA Weaver [31 ]; Seattle, Washington Part 1: from August 1 to October 30, 2000 and Part 1: heterosexual men 18–25 years old attending STD clinic. Consecutive sample Physical exam HPV swabs of penile shaft, glans, foreskin, scrotum, and urine. Weiss [65 ]; Kisumu, Kenya; Ndola, Zambia; Cotonou, Benin; Yaondé, Cameroon From June 1997 to March 1998 General population Cluster design to randomly select households Physical exam and self-report Serology (HSV) Wilson [23 ]; Canada Not documented Canadian Army VD treatment center Convenience sample Not documented Not documented Wolbarst [56 ]; New York City Before 1914 to 1926 Private patients in urology practice Convenience sample Jew versus Gentile Clinically Xu [199 ]; United States 1999–2004 General population National health survey Patient report using visual aids Serology (HSV)
