Research Article
The use of Waste Materials in Utility Poles, Crossarms, Paver, and Reef Balls Concrete Structures: Advantages and Care
Table 1
Mix ideal proportions (by mass for a concrete mixture) and properties of fresh concrete with admixtures.
| | Mixture/sample | Materials code | | Swtp | Pw | | | | Tw |
| | Cement | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | Sludge (water treatment plant): Swtp (%) | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | Porcelain waste (Pw) (%) | 0 | 50 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | Silica fume (Sf) (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 15 | 0 | | Tire-rubber waste (Tw) (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | | Fine aggregate (natural sand) | 1.860 | 1 | 347 | 1.837 | 1.541 | 1.820 | | Fine aggregate (artificial) | 0.16 | 1 | 347 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | Natural coarse aggregate (19 mm) | 2.980 | 1.497 | 512 | 3.306 | 1.541 | 2.620 | | Artificial coarse aggregate (19 mm) | 0 | 1.497 | 512 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | Water/cementitious materials ratio | 0.51 | 0.50 | 0.5 | 0.46 | 0.41 | 0.50 | | Superplasticizer | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.3 | 0 | | Slump (mm) | 18 | 25 | 25 | 50 | 50 | 14 | | Unit weight (kg/m³) |
2,247 |
2,219 | 2,219 | 2,357 | — | 2,220 | | Air content (%) | 3.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | — | — | 2.4 |
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Notes: Portland cement types: filler modified (CPII-F 32); *high-early strength (CPV-ARI RS); **pozzolan modified (CPII-Z 32); ***sulfate resistant (CPIV-32 RS).
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