Journal of Criminology

Research Article

Victimization, Urbanicity, and the Relevance of Context: School Routines, Race and Ethnicity, and Adolescent Violence

Table 4

Hierarchical generalized linear model effects (standard errors) and odds ratio for adolescent victimization in suburban schools.


	Model 7		Model 8		Model 9
	(SE)	OR	(SE)	OR	(SE)	OR

Within suburban schools
Routine activities
School-based academic	.082 (.045)*	1.085	.148 (.045)***	1.160	.096 (.055)*	1.101
Black/African American	—	—	—	—	.121 (.122)	1.129
Latino American	—	—	—	—	.230 (.149)^†	1.259
Asian American	—	—	—	—	.098 (.166)	1.103
School-based sport	−.016 (.029)	.983	−.044 (.029)^†	.956	−.097 (.035)**	.906
Black/African American	—	—	—	—	.132 (.074)*	1.141
Latino American	—	—	—	—	.154 (.066)**	1.167
Asian American	—	—	—	—	.135 (.123)	1.145
School-based club	−.029 (.054)	.970	.014 (.054)	1.014	−.002 (.069)	.997
Black/African American	—	—	—	—	.039 (.157)	1.039
Latino American	—	—	—	—	−.058 (.181)	.943
Asian American	—	—	—	—	.078 (.176)	1.081
School-based misbehavior	.321 (.021)***	1.378	.292 (.021)***	1.339	.293 (.027)***	1.341
Black/African American	—	—	—	—	−.008 (.054)	.991
Latino American	—	—	—	—	−.002 (.051)	.997
Asian American	—	—	—	—	−.063 (.095)	.938
Race and ethnicity
Black/African American	—	—	−.136 (.125)	.872	−.329 (.193)*	.719
Latino American	—	—	−.101 (.165)	.903	−.329 (.218)^†	.718
Asian American	—	—	−.149 (.158)	.861	−.290 (.230)	.748
Student characteristics
Male	—	—	.626 (.077)***	1.871	.613 (.077)***	1.846
Educational achievement	—	—	−.013 (.004)**	.986	−.012 (.004)**	.987
Family socioeconomic status	—	—	.017 (.060)	1.017	.022 (.060)	1.022
Family structure	—	—	−.056 (.091)	.945	−.054 (.091)	.946
Family involvement	—	—	.020 (.014)^†	1.020	.021 (.014)^†	1.022
Between suburban schools
Security	−.011 (.015)	.988	−.013 (.014)	.986	−.013 (.014)	.986
Extra security for activities	.144 (.250)	1.155	.207 (.234)	1.230	.215 (.235)	1.241
Social disorder	−.016 (.022)	.983	.020 (.025)	1.021	.020 (.025)	1.020
School characteristics
Poverty	—	—	.002 (.003)	1.002	.002 (.003)	1.002
Size	—	—	−.001 (.001)^†	.995	−.001 (.001)^†	.995
Percent black/African American students	—	—	−.306 (.233)	.736	−.305 (.232)	.736
Percent Latino American students	—	—	−.683 (.269)*	.504	−.680 (.270)**	.506
Percent Asian American students	—	—	−.209 (.331)	.810	−.192 (.324)	.825
Intercept	−.686 (.038)***		−.710 (.037)***		−.711 (.037)***

Random effects	Variance		Variance		Variance

	.135***	450.687	.123***	428.597	.122***	426.673

; ; ; .
The omitted categories are white American, females, single parent/guardian family structures, and no extra security for selected school activities.