Cumulative Impacts of Human Interventions and Climate Change on Mangrove Ecosystems of South and Southeast Asia: An Overview
Table 1
Environmental and ecological settings of Indo-Malayan mangroves.
Category
Indus River Delta
Godavari-Krishna mangroves
Sundarban mangroves
Burmese coast mangroves
Indochina mangroves
Sunda Shelf mangrove
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Type
Backwater estuarine
Deltaic/estuarine
Deltaic
Deltaic and coastal
Coastal
Coastal
Dominance
Transboundary
Domestic
Transboundary
Transboundary
Transboundary
Transboundary
Major river(s)
Indus
(i) Mahanadi (ii) Godavari (iii) Krishna
(i) Ganges (ii) Brahmaputra (iii) Meghna
Ayeyarwady
(i) Mekong (ii) Red River
Mahakam River
Species richness*
4
34
36
41
40
43
Total forest area (sq·km)**
6000 (approx)
7000 (approx)
25000 (approx)
3822 (approx)
26936 (approx)
40000 (approx)
Mangrove under protected area (sq·km)**
823
920
2700
125
820
6,530
Occurrence
Western of India and eastern coast of Pakistan
Eastern coast of India (Orissa to Tamil Nadu)
(i) Bangladesh (ii) India
(i) Myanmar (ii) Thailand (west coast) (ii) Peninsular Malaysia
(i) Thailand (east coast) (ii) Cambodia (iii) Vietnam (iv) Malaysia (v) Philippines
(i) Eastern Malaysia (ii) Indonesia (iii) Brunei
Status
Critically Degraded and fragmented
Degraded
Degraded
Critically degraded
Critically degraded
Degraded
*Species Richness varies significantly among different locations in each category. The highest reported species richness is mentioned here **Figures provide close approximation. Source: Assimilated by authors from World Wide Fund for Nature Information Database on World Ecoregions [7, 8].