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| | | | Empirical human factors design | WWII | | |
| | | | 1886–1899 | 1900–1909 | 1910–1919 | 1920–1929 | 1930–1939 | 1940–1949 | 1950–1959 | 1960–1969 | 1970–1979 | 1980–1989 | 1990–1999 | 2000–2009 |
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| Primary driving task |
Controls | Human factors research and output | Empirical: control by human muscle power | | | Empirical: access controls while holding steering | Empirical: access controls while holding steering | | Symbols to indicate function of controls | | Anthropometrical data for hand reach (SAE J287, 1976), Standardized direction of movement of control (SAE J1139, 1977) | | | |
| Outcome | Steering wheel, Foot pedal, | | | Horn button and timing lever around steering wheel
Labels indicate its function | Shift lever, turn signal lever around the steering column | | Comprehension of function for people with different languages | | Designing location of controls
Common design of control direction | Steering wheel switch | Integrated joystick (Toyota, 1998) | i-Drive with controller nob in the center console (BMW, 2001), integrated center control (Nissan 2001) |
| Displays | Human factors research and output | | Empirical: obtain information about vehicle condition | Empirical: visible information | Empirical: decrease amount of eye movements to check meters and gauges | Empirical: smaller eye shift to access the meter cluster | | Empirical: smaller eye shift to access the meter cluster
Avoid influence of sunlight | | Symbols for Motor Vehicle Control, indicators, and tell tales (SAE J1048, 1974, ISO2575) | Investigation of advantage of HUD for vehicle display (1970s) | Measurement of visual accommodation (Toyota 1998) | |
| Outcome | | Installing gauges and speedometer | Instrument panel with meters and gauges | Clustered meters in instrument panel | Meter cluster in front of driver | | Meter cluster in high position with sunshade | | Commonly used symbols | Introduction of HUD for vehicle display (GM, Nissan 1988) | Introduction of center on-dash meter (Toyota) | |
| Visibility to road scene | Human factors research and output | | Empirical: perceive approaching vehicles from behind | Empirical: road scene visibility in rain condition | | | | | Motor vehicle drivers' eye locations (SAE J941, 1965), Eyellipse (SAE Paper 680105, 1968)
Passenger car rear vision (SAE J834, 1967) | Regulation for rear view mirrors (Directive 71/127/EEC, 1971), Field of view from automotive vehicles (SAE SP-381, 1973) | Backing sensor | Investigating visibility using digital human model
Rear view monitor | Night Vision System |
| Outcome | | Rear view mirror | Windshield screen wiper | | | | | Define range of drivers' eye positions Examine direct visibility | Specifying visible area in rear view mirrors
Investigating location of traffic signals, traffic signs, pedestrians in the driver's view | | Time and cost effective design of visibility using CAD |
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| Driver Workspace | Seating and packaging | Human factors research and output | | | | Empirical: adapt to women drivers | Design drawing | | Anthropometrical data for human body (SAE SP142A, 1955), SAE Manikin Subcommittee (1959) | Defining and measuring H-point (SAE J826, 1962), 2DM, 3DM | Chrysler's Digital Human Model CYBERMAN (1974),
Measurement of pressure distribution of seat | SAMMIE, CAD with digital human model, is in the market | Commercial digital human model, Ramisis, Jack
Body movement analysis using motion capture system | Combining digital human model with CATIA and ALIAS CAD,
estimating muscle load using DHM |
| Outcome | | | | Seat adjuster | Cabin space design | | | Cabin space and seat layout design
Precise design of seating configuration based on H-point, | Designing seat back angle | | Time and cost effective design of packaging | Evaluation of ingress/egress motion |
| Vibration and comfort | Human factors research and output | | Frederick Lanchester (UK) proposed the cabin movement is to be the same as that of human body while walking | | | | Seat cushion and comfort (SAE 1940') | Motor Vehicle Seating Manual (SAE J782, 1954) | | Relationship between mechanical vibration and discomfort (ISO 2631, 1974) | Analysis of resonance frequency of body parts | Evaluation of vibration discomfort in multiaxis environment (ISO 2631-1, 1997) | Temporal factor in vibration discomfort |
| Outcome | | Peak frequency of cabin vibration was about 2.0 Hz | | | | | | | Establish evaluation method for vibratory comfort | Designing cushion of seat | Evaluation to integrate vibration in multiaxis | |
| Climate | Human factors research and output | | | Empirical: comfort in winter time | | | | | | | Thermal manikin | Equivalent temperature (SAE J2234, 1993) | Ergonomics of thermal environment of vehicle (ISO14505 series) |
| Outcome | | | Cabin heater | | | | | | | Evaluation of vehicle climate | Evaluating thermal comfort using Equivalent Homogeneous Temperature | Evaluation of cabin thermal comfort, combining thermal manikin, calculation of EHT, and subjective evaluation |
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| Driver's condition | Driver's Fatigue | Human factors research and output | | | | | | | | Physiological measure for fatigue (HR, GSR, BP)
CFF study | | HRV as a measure of fatigue | | |
| Outcome | | | | | | | | Recommendation of having rest
Evaluation of vehicle vibration | | | | |
| Impairment | Human factors research and output | | | | | | | | | Physiological measure for drowsiness, EEG, EOG, GSR | Partial eye closure as a measure of drowsiness (Dingus, 1986) | Percentage of eye closure as measure of drowsiness (PERCLOS) | |
| Outcome | | | | | | | | | | Algorism to detect drowsiness (NHTSA DOTHS808247, 1994) | Drowsiness detection system | |
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Crash injury | Human factors research and output | | | | | | Instrument panel covered by sponge rubber (Tucker 1948, Chrysler 1949) | Investigation of body damage by accident
Crash test using high speed camera
Crash dummy (GM, Ford) | Crash dummy, FMVSS208 frontal crash test in 30 mph (1966) | Crash dummy, Hybrid II (1974), Hybrid III (1978)
Injury index AIS-1971, AIS-1976 | Dummy, Euro-SID-1 for side impact (1989) | Dummy for side impact, Bio-SID, more sensors and more biofidelity, (1990) and SID-II (1994) | |
| | Outcome | | | | | | | Seat belt (Nash, 1949)
Nondeformable passenger cell (Daimler-Benz 1952)
3-point seatbelt (Volvo, 1959)
Head restraint (AM, 1959) | Collapsible steering column (GM, 1967)
Mandatory belt use in front seat (1967, USA; 1969, Japan) | Standardized assessment method | Airbag | Side impact bar, Side airbag | |
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Interaction with driver information system | Human factors research and output | | | | | | | | There was tolerable visual sampling duration while driving (Senders, 1967) | Measurement of eye movement on in-car displays (Mourant, 1978) | Visual sampling model and glance time study (Wierwille) | Visual behavior and driving performance as a measure of distraction (Zwahlen, 1986), mental workload measures | Workload measurement for distraction:
occlusion method (ISO16673, 2007) and LCT (ISO26002, 2011) |
| | Outcome | | | | | | | | | Single glance time was 0.5–1.5 seconds. Several glances for radio task | Assessment of IVIS using glance time | Discussion of map display
JAMA guideline ver. 1.0 (1990), ver. 2.0 (1999)
HARDIE guideline (1995) | Guidelines (JAMA ver. 3.0 (2004), AAM etc.) for information device |
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Interaction with
advanced driver-
assistance system | Human factors research and output | | | | | | | | | | | | Overreliance, overtrust, and situation awareness with ADAS
Analysis of driving behavior |
| | Outcome | | | | | | | Conventional cruise control | | | Antilock Braking System (ABS) | Electronic stability control (ESC), vehicle stability control (VSC)
Adaptive cruise control (ACC) in the market, night vision | Lane-keep assist
Full-range ACC
Collision mitigation braking system |
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External communication access | Human factors research and output | | | | | | | | Visual demand while driving (Senders, 1967) | | | Accident statistics analysis for risk of mobile phone use while driving | Naturalistic driving study |
| | Outcome | | | | | | | | | Cellular automobile phone service (ARP Finland, 1971; NTT, Japan, 1979) | Analog cellular service (US 1984) | Prohibition of hand held use of cellular phone (Swiss, 1996; Japan, 1999) | Regulations for use of cellular phone (USA, 2001 (NY), Germany, 2001; France, 2003; UK, 2003) |
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| Driving behavior | Human factors research and output | | | | | | | | Driver vehicle control model
Development of early DS (GM) | Visual behavior while driving using eye tracker | Researches on UFOV | Visual attention measured by peripheral detection task | Naturalistic Driving study
Driving behavior study using DS |
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Related technologies
and vehicles'
environment | Very rough road | Increased speed | | Radio tuner was installed | | Highway mobile telephone (USA, 1946) | | Development of highway | | RDS-TMC (EU) | Telematics service (US OnStar 1995, Germany TeleAid 1997 BMW Assist 1999, Japan MONET 1997, Carwings 1998) | Smart phones |
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Organization and
academic society | | VDMI (currently VDA, Germany, 1901), SAE (USA, 1905) | | SIA (France, 1927) | | JSAE (Japan, 1947), FISTA (1948) | HEFS (USA, 1956), IEA (1959) | JSAE automotive ergonomics study group (Japan, 1962) | | HFES Europe Chapter (1983) | | |
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| Public institutions | | | | VTI (Sweden, 1923) | TRL (UK, 1933) | MIRA (UK, 1946), TNO human factors (The Netherland 1949) | TTI (USA, 1950), BASt (Germany, 1951) | ONSER (road safety org France, 1961), UMTRI (USA, 1965), JARI (Japan, 1969), TNO Traffic Behavior Department (The Netherland 1969) | NHTSA (USA, 1970), HUSAT (UK, 1970), IRT (France 1972) | INRETS/LESCO (combining ONSER and IRT, currently INFSTTAR/LESCOT) (France 1986) | | |
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| Conference meetings | | SAE conference (USA, 1906) | | TRB (USA, 1920) | | FISITA congress (1947) | JSAE conference (Japan, 1951), HFES meeting (1957) | IEA congress (1961), Stapp (USA, 1962) | ESV conference (1971) | Vision in Vehicle (1985) | AVEC (1992), Driving Simulator Conference (1994), ITS World Congress (1994) | Driver Assessment Conference (USA, 2001), International Conference on Driver Distraction and Inattention (EU, 2009), AutomotiveUI (2009), HUMANIST (EU, 2008) |
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| Social background | | Speed violation penalty | | Increase of number of vehicles (USA) | | | Increase of number of vehicles (Europe) | Media promotion for safety (Chevrolet, Corvair USA) | Media promotion for safety (Ford Pinto, USA) | Media promotion for safety (Jeep CJ05, Suzuki Samurai, Audi 5000, USA) | Media promotion for safety (GM CK pickup, USA) | Media promotion for safety (Ford Ram, Crown Victorias, Explorer, USA) |
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