Review Article
The Human Frontal Lobes and Frontal Network Systems: An Evolutionary, Clinical, and Treatment Perspective
Table 4
The more common clinical disorders presenting with neurological and/or psychiatric FNS.
| (I) Neurological | |
| (a) Neurodegenerative | | Frontotemporal disorders (FTLD) | | Alzheimer’s disease (AD) | | Cognitive vascular disorders (CVD) | | Frontal variant of AD | | Corticobasal-ganglionic disorders (CBD) | | (b) Cerebrovascular and cognitive vascular disorders | | Bland infarcts | | Strategic infarct | | Subcortical infarct | | Watershed infarct | | Frontal, sometimes bilateral as with common origin of both anterior cerebral arteries off the anterior communicating artery | | Leukoaraiosis | | Brainstem infarct | | Cerebellar infarct | | Strategic infarct such as caudate nucleus, basal ganglia, and thalamus | | Frontal lobe amyloid angiopathy | | Hemorrhage | | Amyloid angiopathy | | Microhemorrhage | | Subcortical hypertensive related | | (c) Tumors | | Frontal lobe meningioma (Foster Kennedy syndrome) | | (d) Traumatic brain injury | | Diffuse axonal injury | | Chronic subacute encephalopathy | | (e) Multiple sclerosis | | (f) Parkinson’s, Huntington’s | | (g) Frontal lobe epilepsies | | (h) Normal pressure hydrocephalus | | (i) Neurotoxicology—alcohol | |
| (II) Psychiatric | |
| Schizophrenia | | Mania and hypomania | | Depression | | Anxiety | | Obsessive compulsive | | Tourette’s | | Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | | Autism | | William’s syndrome | | Pervasive developmental disorders | |
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