Promoter region of alpha S1-casein gene in Indian zebu cattle. Sites of variations are marked with IUPAC nucleotide codes, R: A/G, S: C/G, Y: C/T and K: G/T. Site of deletion among Indian cattle is represented in parenthesis. Region in bold nucleotides marks 5′UTR. Transcriptional start site is marked as +1. Abbreviations: AP: activator protein; AR: androgen receptor; AREB6: Atp1a1 regulatory element binding protein 6; CAAT: CAAT box; C/EBP: CCAAT/enhancer binding protein; Cart-1: cartilage homeoprotein 1; c-Myb: cartilage homeoprotein 1; c-ReI: nuclear factor kappa B c-Rel; ER: estrogen receptor; GATA-1: GATA-binding factor 1; Gfi-1: Zinc finger protein Gfi-1; GR: glucocorticoid receptor; HNF-1: hepatocyte nuclear factor; MEF-2: myocyte enhancer factor 2A; MGF (MPBF): mammary gland factor; NF: nuclear factor; Nkx2-5: homeobox protein Nkx-2.5; Oct-1: octamer-binding factor; POU1F1a: transcription factor 1 (Pit1, growth hormone factor 1); POU2F1a: POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1; POU3F2: POU domain, class 3, transcription factor 2; PR: progesterone receptor; Sox-5: SRY-related HMG-box gene 5, Sp1: specificity protein 1; TBP: TATA-box-binding protein; TFIID: transcription factor IID, TATA-box-binding protein; TMF: TATA element modulatory factor; YY1: Yin Yang factor.