Review Article
Neospora caninum and Wildlife
Table 3
Geographical distribution and species of herbivores in the wild seropositive to Neospora caninum, DNA detection, and/or isolation of N. caninum.
| | | Positive seroprevalence | Positive DNA detection | Positive isolation | | Species of wild ruminants | studies | studies | studies | | | Country | References | Country | References | Country | References |
| | North America | | | | | | | | White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) | USA | [13, 58, 68, 113, 114] | | | USA | [36] | | | Mexico | [112] | | | | | | | Canada | [115] | | | | | | Bison (Bison bison) | USA-Alaska | [69] | | | | | | Musk ox (Ovibos moschatus) | USA-Alaska | [69] | | | | | | Moose (Alces alces) | USA | [69] | | | | | | | USA-Alaska | [65] | | | | | | | Canada | [115] | | | | | | Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) | USA | [69] | | | | | | | USA-Alaska | [65] | | | | | | | Canada | [115] | | | | | | Elk (Cervus canadensis) | Canada | [115] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) | USA | [116] | USA | [57]** | | | | Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) | USA | [116] | | | | | | Pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus) | Brazil | [117] | | | | |
| | Europe | | | | | | | | Red deer (Cervus elaphus) | Italy | [59, 118] | | | | | | | Spain | [48] | | | | | | | Poland | [119] | | | | | | | Greece | [120] | | | | | | Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) | Italy | [59, 118, 121] | | | | | | | Italy | [118, 121] | Belgium | [78] | | | | Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) | Spain | [48, 122] | | | | | | | Czech Republic | [123]a | | | | | | | Belgium | [78] | | | | | | | Sweden | [124] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Alpine ibex (Capra ibex) | Italy | [118]* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica hispanica) | Spain | [125] | | | | | | European mouflon (Ovis musimon) | Czech Republic | [123]a | | | | | | Fallow deer (Dama dama) | Czech Republic
Poland | [123]a
[126] | | | | | | Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) | Spain | [48] | | | | | | European bison (Bison bonasus bonasus L.) | Poland | [127, 128] | | | Poland | [127] | | Moose (Alces alces) | Sweden | [124]b | | | | |
| | Asia | | | | | | | | Tarim red deer (Cervus elaphus yarkandensis) | China | [129] | | | | | | Africa | | | | | | | | Zebra (Equus burchelli) | Kenya | [32] | | | | | | Eland (Taurotragus oryx) | Kenya | [32] | | | | | | African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) | Kenya | [32] | | | | | | Thomson's gazelle (Eudorcas thomsonii) | Kenya | [32] | | | | | | Impala (Aepyceros melampus) | Kenya | [32] | | | | |
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*Cited by [118].
aIncluded some animals from hunting farms.
bPositive results by iscom ELISA, negative by WB.
**Systemic neosporosis.
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