Clinical Study
Alzheimer’s Disease: Screening Biomarkers Using Frequency Doubling Technology Visual Field
Table 2
Characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease participants.
| | Age | Gender | Race | OD
VA | OS
VA | MMSE | FDT
OD | FDT
OS | Reliability | Eye diagnosis |
| | Participants receiving eye screening and anterior segment screening | | 68 | Female | Cau | | | | Fail | Fail | 0/fn1 | None | | 75 | Male | Cau | 10/10 | 10/10 | | Pass | Fail | 0/0 | Glaucoma | | 76 | Male | Cau | 7/80 | 7/20 | | N/D | Fail | —/fx5 | Stroke | | 77 | | Cau | 7/30 | 7/10 | | Fail | Fail | 0/v2 | none | | 79 | | Cau | 7/10 | 7/10 | | Fail | Fail | fn3/fn2 | none | | 80 | Female | Cau | 10/30 | 10/30 | | Fail | Fail | fn1/0 | Cataract | | 81 | Female | Cau | 7/25 | 7/25 | | Fail | Fail | fp1fn2/fx2fp1fn1 | None | | 81 | Female | Cau | 7/120 | 7/120 | | | | Unable | Macular Degen | | 81 | Female | Cau | 10/10 | 10/10 | | Fail | Fail | 0/fx1 | Glaucoma | | 82 | | Cau | 10/10 | 10/10 | | Pass | Pass | 0/0 | None | | 83 | Female | NatAm | 7/20 | 7/20 | | Fail | Fail | 0/fx1fp2 | None | | 83 | Male | Cau | 10/20 | 10/20 | | Fail | Fail | Fn1/fn1 | Glaucoma | | 84 | | Cau | 10/40 | 10/30 | | Fail | Fail | 0/fp1 agitated | None | | 84 | Male | Cau | 10/40 | 10/50 | | | | Unable | Glaucoma | | 87 | Female | Cau | | | | Fail | Fail | fx2fp1fn2/fp2fn3 | Cardiac | | 88 | Female | Cau | 10/10 | 10/20 | | Fail | Fail | 0/0 | None |
| | Participants receiving comprehensive dilated eye examination and refraction | | 69 | Female | Cau | Pass | Pass | 15 | Fail | Fail | 3fn/3fn | Eye exam WNL | | 70 | Female | Cau | Pass | Pass | 23 | Fail | Fail | 0/0 | Glaucoma* | | 72 | Female | Cau | Pass | Pass | 24 | Fail | Fail | 0/0 | Eye exam WNL* | | 72 | Male | Cau | Pass | Pass | 26 | Fail | Pass | 2fx2fp/5fx5fp | Eye exam WNL* | | 85 | Female | Cau | Pass | Pass | 15 | Fail | Fail | 0/0 | Eye exam WNL | | 85 | Female | Cau | Pass | Pass | 17 | Fail | Fail | 0/0 | Eye exam WNL | | 87 | Female | Cau | Pass | Pass | 20 | Pass | Fail | 0/0 | Eye exam WNL |
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Key: Cau: Caucasian, NatAm: Native American, AfrAm: African American, fp: False Positive, fn: false negative, fx: fixation loss, glau: glaucoma, AMD: age-related macular degeneration, CA: cancer, card: cardiac, DM: diabetes, and N/D: not done; *participant had comprehensive eye examination that included optical coherence tomography imaging.
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