Locality Site type Age Hyenas (NISP) Lions (NISP) Bone assemblage (NISP) References Ahlen (D) Open air loess, mammoth skeleton scavenging site Weichselian (glacial) Indirect by scavenging marks 0 Mammoth skeleton scavenging site [55 ] Alfter (D) Open air loess on river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 2 ? unclear [61 ] Altlussheim, Almendwiesen (D) Open air loess on river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 1 1 562 [61 ] Altlussheim, Eichelgarten (D) Open air loess on river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 1 ? unclear [61 ] Altlussheim, Silzwiesen (D) Open air loess on river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 1 ? unclear [61 ] Altrip, Neuhofener Altrhein (D) Open air loess on river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 1 ? unclear [61 ] Bad Köstritz (D) Zechstein gypsum karst hyena den (prey depot and communal den) Weichselian (glacial) 2 4 ? unclear [61 ] Bad Kösen (D) Open air loess Weichselian (glacial) 0 1 ? unclear [61 ] Bad Lauchstädt (D) Open air loess Weichselian (glacial) 0 6 (from an adult female individual skeleton) ? unclear [61 ] Bad Wildungen (D) Open air loess on river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 11 (and 15 coprolites) 0 233 [49 ] Balve Cave (D) Carboniferous limestone cave (cave bear den, hyena cub raising and communal den/overlapping Neanderthal, and Aurignacian camp site) Eemian-Weichselian (interglacial, mainly glacial) 34 56 (2 skulls) ? unclear [42 , 65 ] Baumann’s Cave (D) Carboniferous limestone cave (cave bear den, short time hyena den, ? temporary wolf den) ? Saalian-Eemian, mainly-Weichselian (interglacial, mainly glacial) 10 148 ? unclear, half Million cave bear bones Unpublished Berlin-Kreuzberg (D) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 1 ? unclear [61 ] Beroun (CZ) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 1 (skull) ? unclear [80 ] Bilstein Cave (D) Carboniferous limestone cave (cave bear den, short time hyena den, ? temporary wolf den) Weichselian (glacial) 2 39 ? unclear, many cave bear remains [82 ] Brühl (Koller), Schlangenwinkel (D) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 12 bones of a male skeleton ? unclear [85 ] Brühl, Spieswiesen-Ost (D) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 1 ? unclear [61 ] Brühl, Spieswiesen-West (D) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 8 (2 skulls) 4 1.255 [61 ] Brühl (Koller), Rheingewann (D) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 1 3 511 [61 ] Burgtonna (D) Travertin Eemian (interglacial) 1 (unclear amount) 3 (unclear amount) ? unclear [61 ] Bochum (D) ? Open air river terrace ? Weichselian (glacial) 0 1 (skull) ? unclear [61 ] Bottrop (D) Open air river terrace (hyena communal den, partly cub raising den and prey depot) Weichselian (glacial) 50 26 (and one trackway) ?, about 3.000 bones, many of hyena den origin (especially woolly rhinoceros) [48 , 61 ] Deutmecker Cave (D) Carboniferous limestone cave (hyena den) Weichselian (glacial) 2 0 ? unclear [65 ] Edingen (Brühl), Edinger Ried (D) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 2 (skulls) 2 and 8 bones of a male skeleton, including skull 1.111 [85 ] Flörsheim (D) Open air loess on river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 1 0 ? unclear Unpublished Fuchsluken Cavities Saalfeld (D) Zechstein limestone karst cavities hyena den (cub raising and communal den) Eemian-Weichselian (interglacial, mainly glacial) 218 9 1.035 [61 ] Freiburg a. d. U. (D) Open air loess on river terrace, most probably Middle Palaeolithic site Weichselian (glacial) 0 13 (from an adolescent individual skeleton) ? [63 ] Geddin (D) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 1 ? unclear [61 ] Genther Cave (D) Upper Jurassic dolomite cave (cave bear den) Weichselian (glacial) 0 1 (skull) ? unclear [71 ] Göttingen (D) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 1 ? unclear [61 ] Grürmanns Cave (D) Carboniferous limestone cave (hyena den) Weichselian (glacial) 11 1 ? unclear [65 ] Halle/Saale (D) Open air loess Weichselian (glacial) 0 1 ? unclear [50 ] Haltern (D) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 1 ? unclear [61 ] Heddesheim, Neuwiesen (D) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 2 ? unclear [61 ] Hermann’s Cave (D) Carboniferous limestone cave (cave bear den) Weichselian (glacial) 0 47 (one skull, two individual skeleton remains) ? unclear, many cave bear bones [76 ] Herne (D) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 1 0 ? unclear [47 ] Herten-Stuckenbusch (D) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 2 ? unclear [61 ] Hohenmölsen (D) Open air loess Weichselian (glacial) 1 (skull) 0 ? unclear [50 ] Hohle Stein Cave (D) Carboniferous limestone cave (hyena prey depot) Weichselian (glacial) 1 1 35 [65 ] Holedeč near Žatec (CZ) ? Weichselian (glacial) 0 2 ? unclear [80 ] Hostím (CZ) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 4 ? unclear [80 ] Huttenheim-Huttenheimer Kammer (D) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 3 and 37 bones of one lioness individual skeleton including skull ? unclear [85 ] Huttenheim, Sandfeld (D) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 1 ? unclear [61 ] Johannes Cave (D) Carboniferous limestone cave (hyena prey depot) Weichselian (glacial) 3 2 31 [65 ] Karlsruhe, Neureut (D) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 1 ? unclear [61 ] Keppler Cave (D) Carboniferous limestone cave (cave bear den) Weichselian (glacial) 0 33 ? unclear, many cave bear remains [65 ] Ketsch, Kreuzwiese (D) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 2 (skulls) 1 447 [61 ] Ketsch, Hohwiesen (D) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 2 ? unclear [61 ] Kleinbesten (D) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 1 ? unclear [61 ] Königsaue (D) Open air river terrace (hyena den/overlapping Neanderthal camp site) Weichselian (glacial) 13 (skull) 2 ? unclear [50 , 61 ] Körbisdorf (D) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 4 ? unclear [61 ] Körbiskrug (D) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 1 ? unclear [61 ] Konĕprusy Cave (CZ) Carboniferous limestone cave (hyena prey depot den) Weichselian (glacial) 12 (25 coprolites, 114 bones from individual skeleton) 23 611 [38 ] Kreuz Cave (D) Carboniferous limestone cave (unclear site, ? cave bear den) ? Weichselian (glacial) 0 2 ? unclear [65 ] Lahntal Cave (D) Karst cave (cub raising den) Weichselian (glacial) 82 0 13 [65 ] Lampertheim, In der Tanne (D) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 2 ? unclear [61 ] Lampertheim, Lüderitzbucht (D) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 1 ? unclear [61 ] Lichtenau, Hasenkopf (D) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 1 ? unclear [61 ] Lipperode (D) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 1 0 ? unclear [47 ] Martins Cave (D) Carboniferous limestone cave (cave bear den, hyena cub raising and communal den, wolf den) Weichselian (glacial) 147 17 16 (real amount unclear), many cave bear remains [65 ] Medvedia Cave near Liptovský (Sk) Limestone cave (cave bear den) Weichselian (glacial) 0 Skeleton of a subadult ? unclear [86 ] Minice (CZ) ? Weichselian (glacial) 0 1 ? unclear [80 ] Mücheln (D) Lake ? Eemian/ Weichselian 0 1 ? unclear [61 ] Neumark-Nord Lake 1 (D) Lake, forest elephants at a graveyard surrounded by Middle Palaeolithic camps Eemian (interglacial) 6 (4 coprolites) 4 (and 172 bones from ill lioness individual skeleton) Many hyena/lion scavenged elephant carcasses [56 , 84 ] Niederlehme (D) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 1 7 ? unclear [61 ] Oberneissen Cave (D) Karst cave (cub raising den) Weichselian (glacial) 14 0 ? unclear Unpublished Oberröblingen (D) Open air loess Weichselian (glacial) 0 1 ? unclear [61 ] Oberrohn (D) Open air loess Weichselian (glacial) 0 1 ? unclear [61 ] Otterstadt, Altrhein-Süd (D) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 2 ? unclear [61 ] Otterstadt, Altrhein-Nord (D) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 3 ? unclear [61 ] Otterstadt, Waldwiesen (D) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 3 ? unclear [61 ] Osteroden (D) Zechstein gypsum karst hyena den (type unclear) ? Weichselian (glacial) 1 0 ? unclear [50 ] Perick Caves (D) Carboniferous limestone cave (hyena cub raising and communal den) Weichselian (glacial) 147 (5 skulls) 59 373 [10 , 62 ] Petershagen (D) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 1 Woolly rhinoceros skeleton, unscavanged [61 , 88 ] Pfefferburg Cave (D) Carboniferous limestone cave (hyena den, cave bear den, ? temporary wolf den) Weichselian (glacial) 37 (and 8 coprolites) 2 31 (real amount ? unclear) [65 ] Phoeben (D) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 1 ? unclear [61 ] Praha-Podbaba (CZ) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 16 (from two individual skeletons) ? unclear [80 ] Praha-Košíře (CZ) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 1 ? unclear [80 ] Praha-Libeň (CZ) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 6 ? unclear [80 ] Questenberg (D) ? unclear ? Weichselian (glacial) 1 0 ? unclear [50 ] Rösenbeck Cave (D) Carboniferous limestone cave (hyena communal and cave bear den) Weichselian (glacial) 83 (5 skulls) 0 ? unclear, many cave bear remains [17 ] Selm-Ternsche (D) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 3 0 ? unclear [47 ] Siegsdorf (D) River branch, river terrace site Weichselian (glacial) (3 coprolites) 62 bones of one male individual skeleton including skull Mammoth bull carcass scavenging site [75 ] Speyer, Deutschof (D) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 1 ? unclear [61 ] Svobodné Dvory near Hradec Králové (CZ) ? open air Weichselian (glacial) 0 1 ? unclear [80 ] Sewecken-Berge Quedlinburg (D) Triassic gypsum karst hyena den (prey depot and communal den) Eemian-Weichselian (interglacial, mainly glacial) 115 (1 skull of cub) 17 660 [52 , 61 ] Senzig (D) Open air river terrace ? Weichselian (glacial) 0 1 ? unclear [61 ] Sloup Cave (CZ) Carboniferous limestone cave (hyena den, cave bear den, ? wolf den) Weichselian (glacial) 85 (2 skulls) 4 52 [40 ] Sophie’s Cave (D) Jurassic limestone cave (hyena cub raising and communal, cave bar, and wolf den) Weichselian (glacial) 1 2 6, many cave bear remains (often carnivore damaged) [45 ] Speyer, Binsfeld-Südost (D) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 1 ? unclear [61 ] Srbsko Chlum-Komín Cave (CZ) Carboniferous limestone cave (hyena prey depot and commuting den) Weichselian (glacial) 366 (from 6 individual skeletons, including cubs, 4 coprolites) Two individual skeletons: 149 bones from an adolescent ill lioness, and 107 bones of a juvenile 2.947 (mainly Przewalski horse remains) [39 ] Teufelskammer Cave (D) Carboniferous limestone cave (hyena den, cave bear den, ? temporary wolf den) Weichselian (glacial) 71 1 97 [41 ] Thiede (D) Zechstein gypsum karst hyena den (prey depot and communal den) Weichselian (glacial) 30 (1 skull of adult) 14 120 (even more, unclear amount at this stage) [67 ] Türmitz (CZ) Open air loess Weichselian (glacial) 2 (1 skull) 2 ? unclear [17 ]
stí nad Labem (CZ)Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 1 ? unclear [80 ] Výpustek Cave (CZ) Carboniferous limestone cave (hyena den, cave bear den, ? temporary wolf den) ? Eemian/ Weichselian (interglacial/ glacial) 236 (3 skulls, one individual skeleton) 36 ? unclear Unpublished, skeleton in [39 ] Wanne (D) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 1 ? unclear [61 ] Westeregeln (D) Zechstein gypsum karst hyena den (prey depot and communal den) and overlapping Neanderthal camp site Weichselian (glacial) 84 (10 skulls, and 20 coprolites) 12 488 [51 , 61 ] Wildkirchli Cave (Ch) Limestone cave (cave bear den) Weichselian (glacial) 0 23 ?, many cave bear remains Unpublished Wiesental, Allmendweg (D) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 1 ? unclear [61 ] Wiesental, Viehweg (D) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 1 ? unclear [61 ] Wilhelms Cave (D) Carboniferous limestone cave (hyena cub raising and communal den) Weichselian (glacial) 169 15 (sibling skeleton remain) 126 [65 ] Wörth, Geisbögel (D) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 1 ? unclear [61 ] Wörth, Rheinanlagen (D) Open air river terrace Weichselian (glacial) 0 1 ? unclear [61 ] Wüste Scheuer Abri (D) Zechstein limestone abri/small cavity Weichselian (glacial) 27 (1 skull) 0 61 [54 ] Zechovice near Volyně (CZ) ? open air Loess Weichselian (glacial) 0 1 ? unclear [80 ] Zoolithen Cave (D) Jurassic limestone cave (hyena cub raising and communal, cave bar, and wolf den) Saalian to Eemian/ Weichselian (interglacial/ glacial) 207 (2 skulls) 229 (9 skulls) Few bones, mainly damaged cave bear bones in unclear amount (about half Million cave bear bones) [43 , 44 ]