Journal of Ecosystems

Research Article

Population Structure and Curative Uses of Invasive Plants in and around the Protected Forests of Bangladesh: A Means of Utilization of Potential Invasive Species

Table 1

List of invasive medicinal plants species in and around the KNP and RKWS of Bangladesh.


Family	Local name	Life form	FIV¹	Scientific name	Using frequency²	Level of invasion³	Parts used⁴	Ailments⁵	Suspected origin and reference(s)

Amaranthaceae	Apang	Herb	9.11	Achyranthes aspera L.	51	+	W	Dy, P, R, SB, SD	Exact native range obscure [47].
Amaranthaceae	Helencha	Herb	9.11	Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Grisb.	42	++	L	ED, L	Native to Brazil, Tropical Africa, and India [48–50].

Apiaceae	Thankuni	Herb	5.09	Centella asiatica (L.) Urban	75	+	W	CT, D, Dy, G, L	Tropics and Subtropics [48].

Apocynaceae	Kurchi	Shrub	4.42	Holarrhena antidysenterica (L.) Wall. ex Decne.	34	++	B, L, S	As, CW, Dy, F, SD, W	India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka [48].

Araceae	Mankacu	Shrub	4.42	Alocasia macrorrhizos (Lour) G. Don in Sweet	79	+	W	CW, SB	India through Southeast Asia and Pacific Islands [51].

Asteraceae	Dochondi	Shrub	21.9	Ageratum conyzoides L.	21	++	L	CW	Native in central and south America [48, 52].
	Asam pata	Shrub		Chromolaena odorata L. King & Robinson	86	+++	L	SB	Native to West Indies, tropical America, and South Asia [48, 53].
	Asam lata	Climber		Mikania cordata (Burm. F.) Roxb.	86	+++	W	CW, SB	South and tropical America, Tropical Asia, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, and tropical Africa [48, 52].
	Shialmutra	Herb		Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less.	26	++	L, F	A, SD, R	West Indies, South America, tropical Asia, Africa, Arabia, tropical Australia, and Taiwan [48].

Athyriaceae	Dekhi shak	Herb	5.5	Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw.	59	+++	L	D, ED, SP	India, China, Taiwan, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Papua New Guinea [54].

Caesalpiniaceae	Dadmardan	Herb	9.24	Senna alata L.	60	++	W	A, CW, S, SD	Native of South America, Mexico, and USA [55].
Caesalpiniaceae	Kala kashunda	Tree	9.24	Senna occidentalis Roxb.	56	++	B, L, R	C, CA, D, Di, SB, SD	Native to South America and Pan tropical region [55].

Caryophyllaceae	Gima	Herb	4.28	Polycarpon prostratum (Forssk.)	53	++	W	D, Dy, G, Ea, F	Tropical Asia, Africa, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and European counterparts [55].

Convolvulaceae	Shornolata	Climber	17.8	Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.	37	++	W	F, HF, SD, R	Europe, North America, India, Sri Lanka, and Malaysia [55, 56].
	Kolmishak	Climber		Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.	61	+++	L, St	Co, ED. SD	Tropical Africa [50, 55].
	Misti aloo	Herb		Ipomoea batatus (L.) Lamk.	36	+	L, T	J, L, R	Native to America [55].
	Dudh kolmi	Climber		Operculina turpethum (L.) S. Manso	06	+++	T	Co	From tropical East Africa to Polynesia, Australia, and Tropical America [55].

Crassulaceae	Pathur kuchi	Herb	4.35	Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lamk) Oken.	56	+	L	C, JP, L, U	Pan tropical [55, 57].

Cucurbitaceae	Tela kucha	Climber	5.16	Coccinia grandis (L.) J. Voigt	70	++	L	Di, SD, U	Africa and Asia; India, Philippines, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, eastern Papua New Guinea, and Australia [55].

Cyatheaceae	Tree fern	Shrub	3.54	Cyathea brunoniana (Wall. ex Hook.)	26	++	W	IB	Eastern Himalayas, Laos, South China, Vietnam, Indonesia, Thailand, and Papua New Guinea [51, 58].

Cyperaceae	Mutha grass	Grass	4.55	Cyperus rotundus L.	18	++	T	B, D, F, W	Warmer region of the world [50, 51].

Euphorbiaceae	Bon morich	Shrub	4.42	Croton bonplandianus Baill.	17	+++	L, F	Aa, As, H, SD, T	Native to America [50] and Tropical and Subtropical regions [55].

Lamiaceae	Tokma	Shrub	8.63	Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.	59	+	L, R, Fr	A, F, G, L, SD	Native to Tropical America, Africa, South Asia, and Thailand [59].
Lamiaceae	Shetrodon	Herb	8.63	Leucas aspera (Wild.) Link	36	+	F, L, R	As, BF, C, Sp	Throughout the Indian subcontinent, Peninsula, Australia, Pacific Islands, naturalized in South America, and China [59].

Leguminosae	Sissoo	Tree	3.34	Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.	28	+	B, S	Co, S, SD, SP	India, Bhutan, Myanmar, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, and Iraq [60].

Melastomataceae	Tea Indicator	Shrub	6.17	Melastoma malabathricum L.	41	+	L, F, B	D, Dy, SD	Southeast Asia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, and North Australia [60].

Mimosaceae	Lazzabati	Herb	8.7	Mimosa pudica L.	44	++	W	In, J, P, S, SD	Pan tropical weed of South America [25, 60].
Mimosaceae	Malakanna koroi	Tree	8.7	Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) Nielson	19	+	B, L, R	ED, H, In, T	Native to Eastern Island of Indonesia, New Guinea, and Southeast Asia from Myanmar and the Philippines [60].

Myrtaceae	Eucalyptus	Tree	6.41	Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnhardt.	32	++	L, R, S	C, CA, JP	Australia [60].
Myrtaceae	Eucalyptus	Tree	6.41	Eucalyptus grandis Hill & ex Maiden	17	++	L, R, S	As, C, CA, JP	Native to Australia [60].

Onagraceae	Mulcha	Climber	4.01	Ludwigia adscendens (L.) Hara.	26	++	W	CW, SB, SD	South America, India to Southeastern Asia, and Malaysia; Sri Lanka, China, and Australia [59].

Papaveraceae	Shialkanta	Herb	4.89	Argemone mexicana L.	15	++	L, St, S	H, J, SD, Sp	Tropical America and Mexico and West Indies [49, 50, 60].

Poaceae	Durba grass	Grass	5.57	Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.	100	++	W	CW, Di, SB, T	North Africa, Asia, Australia, and southern Europe [61].

Polygonaceae	Bish katali	Herb	9.51	Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach	23	+	L	A, IB, W	North America, Australia, Canada, France, and Southeast Asia [60, 62, 63].
Polygonaceae	Bon palong	Herb	9.51	Rumex dentatus L.	33	+++	L, St	Aa, F, S	Russia, North Africa and Southeast Europe, and Southeast Asia [60].

Pteridaceae	Dhekia	Herb	10.4	Pteris biaurita L.	19	+++	L	CW, S, SB	India, West Indies, South China, Malaysia, South Africa, and Brazil [54].
Pteridaceae	Fern grass	Herb	10.4	Pteris cretica L.	43	+++	L	CW, SB	Native to tropical and Subtropical regions of the world [54].

Scrophulariaceae	Brahmi shak	Climber	4.28	Bacopa monniera (L.) Pennel	31	++	L, S	As, HD, MD	Tropics and Subtropics [64].

Tiliaceae	Bon Ukhra	Shrub	3.81	Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.	30	+++	L	B, R	Tropical and Subtropical India, Sri Lanka, Malay Peninsula, China, Africa, and America [64].

Verbenaceae	Bhat pata	Shrub	16.3	Clerodendrum viscosum Vent.	22	+++	W	Ea, S, SD, W	India, Myanmar, Thailand, China, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and the Philippines [64].
	Lantana	Shrub		Lantana camara L. var. aculeate (L.)	22	+++	L, St	A, JP, SB, SD	Native to Tropical and Subtropical America [40, 52, 64].
	Shegun	Tree		Tectona grandis L. f.	12	+++	B, F, Fr, R	Br, HF, U	Native to Myanmar and India [64].

Zingiberaceae	Bon ada	Herb	4.22	Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith	27	++	Rh	C, CA, D, Dy, T, V	India, Malaysia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Caribbean [61].

FIV: family importance value;
²Using frequency is use percentage of invasive medicinal plants in relation to the total number of times;
³Level of invasion (based on people’s perceptions): +: low, ++: moderate, and +++: high level of invasion;
⁴Parts used: B: barks; F: flowers; Fr: fruits; L: leaves; R: root; Rh: rhizome; S: seeds; St: stem; T: tuber; W: whole plant;
⁵Ailments: Aa: antiallergic; A: antiseptic; As: asthma; B: body ache; BF: bone fracture; Br: bronchitis; CT: cardiac tonic; CA: cold ailments; Co: constipation; C: cough; CW: cut and wounds; D: diarrhea; Di: diabetes; Dy: dysentery; Ea: ear ache; ED: eye disease; F: fever; G: gastric pain; HF: hair fall; H: headache; HD: heart disease; In: inflammation; IB: insect bites; J: jaundice; JP: joint pain; L: liver problem; MD: mental depression; P: piles; R: rheumatism; S: scabies; SD: skin diseases; Sp: spleen disease; SP: stomach problem; SB: stop bleeding; T: teeth ache; U: urinary problem; V: vomiting; W: worms.