Journal of Criminology

Research Article

Contemporaneous and Lagged Effects of Life Domains and Substance Use: A Test of Agnew's General Theory of Crime and Delinquency

Table 4

OLS regressions of Time 2 life domain variables on Time 1 life domain variables (lagged effects).


	Model 1 ()		Model 2 ()		Model 3 ()		Model 4 ()		Model 5 ()		Model 6 ()
	T2 low self-control/T1 effect − T2 effect^a		T2 close communication with parents/T1 effect − T2 effect		T2 negative attachment to school T1 effect − T2 effect		T2 low educational Goal/T1 effect − T2 effect		T2 homework Time/T1 effect − T2 effect		T2 conventional Peers/T1 effect − T2 effect

Life domains
T1 low self-control	0.330* (0.015)	—	−0.064* (0.012)	−0.038	0.022* (0.005)	−0.002	0.059* (0.008)	0.044	−0.038** (0.019)	0.021	−0.050* (0.009)	−0.044
T1 close communication with parents	0.029 (0.017)	0.012	0.452* (0.014)	—	−0.007 (0.005)	0.012	−0.027** (0.009)	0.146	0.058* (0.015)	0.003	0.047* (0.011)	0.082
T1 negative attachment to school	0.129** (0.038)	0.023	−0.062*** (0.030)	0.031	0.347* (0.012)	—	0.007 (0.020)	−0.002	−0.079* (0.034)	0.040	−0.126* (0.023)	−0.059
T1 low educational goals	0.096* (0.027)	0.184	−0.157* (0.020)	0.145	0.009 (0.008)	−0.006	0.472* (0.013)	—	−0.139* (0.022)	0.050	−0.050* (0.014)	0.064
T1 homework time	−0.018 (0.016)	0.053	0.017 (0.013)	0.030	−0.016** (0.005)	0.003	−0.026** (0.009)	0.055	0.295* (0.015)	—	0.023** (0.010)	0.017
T1 conventional peers	0.018 (0.022)	−0.005	0.054** (0.017)	0.124	−0.011 (0.007)	0.008	−0.010 (0.011)	0.080	0.062** (0.019)	0.009	0.240* (0.013)	—
Controls
T1 victimization	0.318* (0.080)	—	−0.067 (0.065)	—	0.092* (0.025)	—	−0.002 (0.043)	—	0.072 (0.072)	—	−0.061 (0.050)	—
T1 drank alcohol	0.377* (0.086)	—	−0.024 (0.069)	—	−0.008 (0.027)	—	0.010 (0.046)	—	−0.217** (0.077)	—	−0.110*** (0.054)	—
T1 used marijuana	0.406*** (0.199)	—	0.116 (0.142)	—	−0.019 (0.054)	—	0.025 (0.092)	—	0.305 (0.158)	—	−0.344* (0.109)	—
T0 prior smoking cigarettes	0.285 (0.237)	—	−0.314 (0.171)	—	0.037 (0.065)	—	0.339** (0.111)	—	0.106 (0.191)	—	−0.313*** (0.132)	—
Gender	0.668* (0.081)	—	−0.455* (0.066)	—	−0.050*** (0.025)	—	−0.021 (0.043)	—	−0.107 (0.072)	—	−0.505* (0.051)	—
African American	0.040 (0.181)	—	0.703* (0.146)	—	−0.001 (0.055)	—	−0.265** (0.097)	—	−0.139 (0.160)	—	0.062 (0.113)	—
White	−0.251*** (0.106)	—	0.541* (0.088)	—	0.014 (0.033)	—	0.110 (0.059)	—	−0.052 (0.097)	—	−0.223** (0.067)	—
Parent education	−0.177* (0.050)	—	0.109** (0.041)	—	−0.038** (0.016)	—	−0.117* (0.028)	—	0.063 (0.045)	—	0.099** (0.032)	—
Family SES quartile	0.022 (0.099)	—	0.184*** (0.074)	—	0.043 (0.028)	—	−0.211* (0.048)	—	−0.032 (0.081)	—	−0.078 (0.057)	—
School type	−0.019 (0.126)	—	−0.189*** (0.103)	—	0.479* (0.040)	—	0.050 (0.071)	—	−0.170 (0.115)	—	−0.134 (0.080)	—
School area	−0.058 (0.058)	—	−0.012 (0.047)	—	−0.016 (0.018)	—	0.126* (0.031)	—	0.036 (0.052)	—	−0.014 (0.036)	—

Intercept	5.334*		6.712*		2.237*		1.417*		4.642*		9.610*

Adjusted-	0.20		0.30		0.20		0.37		0.13		0.16

Note: entries are unstandardized coefficients; standard errors are in parentheses.
^aThe right side of each column displays the differences in terms of the regression coefficients between the contemporaneous (result from Table 3) and lagged effects (result from Table 4) of the life domain variables.
; ; .