Relationship between Fiscal Subsidies and CO2 Emissions: Evidence from Cross-Country Empirical Estimates
Table 1
Major characteristics of average budgetary subsidies and Per Capita CO2 emission of selected countries.
Year
Budgetary subsidy (as % of GDP)
Per Capita CO2 emission
LIC & LMIC
UMIC & HIC
LIC & LMIC
UMIC & HIC
1990
2.00 ± 2.93
1.37 ± 1.04
1.65 ± 2.48
9.92 ± 6.41
1991
1.56 ± 1.50
1.42 ± 0.95
1.68 ± 2.63
9.86 ± 7.00
1992
1.71 ± 2.53
1.58 ± 1.03
2.50 ± 3.50
10.3 ± 8.96
1993
1.33 ± 1.42
1.58 ± 1.22
2.47 ± 3.36
10.45 ± 10.28
1994
1.11 ± 1.27
1.43 ± 1.10
2.40 ± 3.26
10.43 ± 10.05
1995
0.82 ± 0.99
1.45 ± 1.20
2.21 ± 3.03
10.47 ± 10.03
1996
1.13 ± 1.43
1.54 ± 1.11
2.02 ± 2.66
10.38 ± 9.69
1997
0.99 ± 1.42
1.40 ± 1.11
1.93 ± 2.46
10.64 ± 10.40
1998
0.94 ± 1.45
1.46 ± 1.69
1.95 ± 2.46
10.3 ± 9.14
1999
1.15 ± 1.53
1.31 ± 0.95
1.92 ± 2.37
10.21 ± 8.61
2000
0.87 ± 1.11
1.48 ± 1.30
1.78 ± 2.15
10.09 ± 8.90
2001
0.96 ± 1.33
1.61 ± 1.62
1.89 ± 2.25
9.82 ± 7.68
2002
1.12 ± 1.51
1.71 ± 1.80
1.98 ± 2.39
9.83 ± 7.43
2003
1.29 ± 1.63
1.61 ± 1.59
2.04 ± 2.54
9.86 ± 8.50
2004
1.36 ± 1.67
1.55 ± 1.62
1.98 ± 2.56
9.67 ± 9.14
2005
1.46 ± 1.83
1.69 ± 1.57
1.71 ± 2.16
9.57 ± 9.04
2006
1.56 ± 1.97
1.72 ± 1.59
1.73 ± 2.30
9.23 ± 8.40
2007
1.45 ± 1.96
1.97 ± 1.95
1.46 ± 1.82
8.96 ± 8.13
2008
1.93 ± 2.69
2.22 ± 2.16
1.16 ± 1.46
8.65 ± 7.57
2009
1.54 ± 2.20
2.12 ± 2.18
1.06 ± 1.35
8.04 ± 7.07
All Year
1.29 ± 1.77
1.69 ± 1.62
1.92 ± 2.59
9.69 ± 8.56
Source: computed by authors based on data provided in IMF Government Finance Statistics Database and World Bank [71]. Note: figure after ± shows the standard deviation from the average estimation.
