| | Author | Bone type | Preservation | Young’s modulus |
| |
Evans and King, 1961 [15] | Femur | Embalmed | 20.68–965 MPa | |
McElhaney et al., 1970 [16] | Vertebra | Fresh | Avg 151.7 MPa | |
Pugh et al., 1973 [17] | Femur | Frozen | 423–1516 MPa | |
Schoenfeld et al., 1974 [18] | Femur | Fresh | Avg 344,7 MPa | |
Lindahl, 1976 [19] | Tibia | Dried, defatted | 1.4–79 MPa | |
Lindahl, 1976 [19] | Vertebra | Dried, defatted | 1.1–139 MPa | | Carter and Hayes, 1977 [6] | Tibia | Frozen | 10–500 MPa | |
Ducheyne et al., 1977 [20] | Femur | Frozen | 58.8–2942 MPa | |
Brown and Ferguson, 1980 [21] | Femur | Frozen | 1000–9800 MPa | |
Williams and Lewis, 1982 [22] | Tibia | Dried, defatted | 8–457 MPa | | Goldstein, 1987 [9] | Tibia | Frozen | 4–430 MPa | |
Martens et al., 1983 [23] | Femur | Frozen | 58–2248 MPa
(900 ± 710 MPa) | |
Ciarelli et al., 1986 [24] | Tibia | Frozen | 5–552 MPa | |
Ciarelli et al., 1986 [24] | Femur | Frozen | 7.6–800 MPa | |
Ciarelli et al., 1986 [24] | Radius | Frozen | 1.1–448 MPa | |
Ashman and Rho, 1988 [5] | Vertebra | Fresh | 158–378 MPa | |
Keller et al., 1987 [25] | Vertebra | Frozen | 15–30 MPa | |
Struhl et al., 1987 [26] | Vertebra | Frozen | 10–428 MPa | |
Odgaard and Linde, 1991 [4] | Femur | | 103–1058 MPa | | Linde, 1994 [3] | Tibia | | 445 ± 256 MPa | |
Keaveny et al., 1997 [27] | Vertebra | | 165 ± 110 MPa | | Misch et al., 1999 [14] | Mandible | Frozen | 24.9–240 MPa
(with cortical layer)
3.5–125.6 MPa
(without cortical layer) | | O’Mahony et al., 2000 [13] | Mandible | Frozen | Avg 907 MPa
(mesiodistal)
Avg 511 MPa
(buccolingual)
Avg 114 MPa
(inferosuperior) | |
van Eijden et al., 2004 [12] | Mandibular condyle | Embalmed | Avg 438 MPa
(vertically)
Avg 157 MPa
(horizontally) | | Chevalier et al., 2007 [10] | Femur | Dried, defatted | 63.9–2987.9 MPa |
|
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