Note that Ns provided in this section may differ from Table 1 as these are the numbers used for analysis; ∧ARAT: higher score = better outcome; : sample size. MAS upper limb/extremity: motor assessment scale, upper limb/extremity section (score range of 0–18, high score indicating normal ability). : 1st quartile; : 3rd quartile; NR: not reported; ARAT: action research arm test (score range of 0–57, high score indicating normal ability); addl.: additional; SD: standard deviation; FTHUE: functional test of the hemiparetic upper extremity (score range of 0–17, high score indicating normal ability).