Journal of Viruses / 2014 / Article / Tab 1 / Review Article
Evolution of New Variants/Mutants of JE Virus, Its Effect on Neurovirulence, Antigenicity, Host Immune Responses and Disease Transmission in Endemic Areas Table 1 Evolutionary mechanisms involved in formation of new JE virus variants/mutants.
Mechanism Mutation type Possible genomic change Antigenicity Neurovirulence Endemicity Therapeutics References Natural Substitutions Epitope/specific Positive/high High Increase Live attenuated vaccines [1 , 22 , 79 , 80 ] Deletions Epitope/specific Positive/high High Decrease Live attenuated vaccines [39 , 172 ] Reversions Epitope/specific Negative/low Low Mild Chimeric vaccines [1 , 171 ] Duplications Nonspecific Negative/low Low Increase RNA/Degenerated vaccines ā Rearrangements Nonspecific Negative/low Low Constant RNA/Degenerated vaccines [97 , 109 ] Reassortment Nonspecific Negative/low Low Constant RNA/Degenerated vaccines [110 ] Artificial Site directed mutagenesis Epitope/desirable Positive/negative High Increase Live attenuated vaccines [1 ] Fusion of proteins Epitope/desirable Positive/negative High Increase Live attenuated vaccines [61 , 62 , 175 ] Chimerization Epitope/desirable Positive/high High Increase Chimeric vaccines [174 , 179 ] cDNA clones Epitope/desirable Positive/negative High Increase Recombinant vaccines [83 , 87 ] VLPs Epitope/desirable Positive/high High Increase Recombinant vaccines [61 , 62 ] Recombinant viruses Epitope/desirable Positive/high High Increase Recombinant vaccines [101 ] Vaccines strains Epitope/desirable Positive/low Mild Increase Live attenuated vaccines [167 ] Synthetic antigens Short peptides Positive/negative High Increase Attenuated vaccines ā Recombination Homologous Epitopic/nonspecific Positive/high High Increase Recombinant vaccines [101 , 104 , 108 ] Intertypic Epitopic/nonspecific Positive/mild High Increase Recombinant vaccines [111 ] Intratypic Epitopic/nonspecific Positive/mild High Increase Recombinant vaccines [105 ] Replication Shared Epitopic/nonepitopic Positive/high High Increase Attenuated vaccines [39 , 41 ]