Working the Night Shift: The Impact of Compensating Wages and Local Economic Conditions on Shift Choice
Table 2
Reduced and structural probit results.
Variable
Reduced form
Structural form
(1)
(2)
Wage differential
0.695**
(model using unemployment rate)
(0.310)
Wage differential
0.670**
(model using coincident index)
(0.289)
Unemployment rate*
−0.001
0.007
(model using unemployment rate)
(0.027)
(0.025)
Coincident index
0.006
0.006
(model using coincident index)
(0.022)
(0.022)
Industry shift rate
0.117***
0.117***
(0.010)
(0.009)
Multiple jobs
0.129
0.240
(0.157)
(0.151)
Children present
0.074
0.067
(0.103)
(0.099)
Years of school
0.462***
0.039
(0.177)
(0.028)
Years of school squared
−0.019***
(0.007)
Experience
0.029
−0.002
(0.043)
(0.005)
Experience squared
−0.003
(0.002)
Union
0.186*
0.145
(0.114)
(0.111)
Nonwhite
0.168
0.188
(0.121)
(0.125)
Female
0.028
−0.069
(0.101)
(0.110)
Married
−0.145
−0.128
(0.114)
(0.118)
Wholesale trade industry
0.147
−0.193
(0.273)
(0.282)
Retail trade industry
0.779***
0.535***
(0.151)
(0.146)
Transportation industry
0.215
0.015
(0.164)
(0.172)
Financial industry
0.172
−0.107
(0.357)
(0.360)
Entertainment and recreation industry
0.623**
0.544**
(0.324)
(0.272)
Professional and related industry
0.228
−0.061
(0.157)
(0.131)
Public administration industry
0.173
−0.242
(0.237)
(0.251)
Executive and managerial occupation
−0.764***
−0.645***
(0.207)
(0.215)
Professional/specialty occupation
−0.219
−0.456**
(0.190)
(0.190)
Technical occupation
−0.363
−0.306
(0.259)
(0.262)
Sales occupation
−0.907***
−0.412*
(0.228)
(0.239)
Clerical occupation
−0.499**
−0.538***
(0.183)
(0.178)
Protective services occupation
0.605**
0.619**
(0.248)
(0.266)
Craft occupation
−0.069
−0.315*
(0.182)
(0.190)
Operator occupation
0.262
0.018
(0.191)
(0.196)
Transport occupation
0.018
0.053
(0.220)
(0.218)
Laborer occupation
0.140
−0.033
(0.232)
(0.220)
Constant
−4.770***
−2.495**
(1.233)
(0.436)
Observations
4035
Log-likelihood
−2401.119
−500.866
Levels of significance: ***1%, **5%, and *10%. *The ESR model is first estimated using the one month percentage change in the coincident index as the indicator of local economic conditions. The model is then reestimated using the unemployment rate as the indicator of local economic conditions. Due to the similarity of coefficients for the education, experience, gender, marital status, union membership, race, industry, and occupation variables, only the regression results from the model using the one month percentage change in the coincident index as the indicator of local economic conditions are shown for these variables. Coefficients for these variables using the unemployment rate are available upon request. Standard errors are shown in parentheses. Other controls include experience cubed, region of residence, and an indicator for MSA residence.
