International Scholarly Research Notices

Research Article

Diversity, Uses, and Threats in the Ghodaghodi Lake Complex, a Ramsar Site in Western Lowland Nepal

Table 2

Aquatic macrophytes recorded in the Ghodaghodi Lake complex.
Species Potential uses Existing uses by local people in the Ghodaghodi Lake area
Submerged  
 Ceratophyllum demersum Human medicine [38, 39]; fish food [40, 41]; green manure [41]Fish food; duck food; green manure
 Hydrilla verticillata Fish food [42]Fish food; duck food; fodder; green manure
 Limnophila sessiliflora N/ANONE
 Potamogeton natans N/ANONE
 Potamogeton crispus N/ANONE
 Potamogeton pectinatus N/ANONE
 Utricularia flexuosa N/AHuman medicine; green manure
 Utricularia stellaris N/ANONE
 Vallisneria spiralis Fish food [42]NONE
Free-floating  
 Azolla imbricata Green manure [39, 43]; fodder [39]; duck food [39]Fish food; duck food; green manure
 Hygroryza aristata Fodder [41]Food; fodder
 Lemna minor N/AFish food; duck food; green manure
 Pistia stratiotes Human medicine [38]; duck food [41, 43]; green manure [38, 43]Human medicine; green manure
 Ricciocarpus natans N/ANONE
 Wolffia globosa N/ANONE
Submerged rooted with floating leaves  
 Caldesia parnassifolia N/ANONE
 Jussiaea repens N/ANONE
 Nymphaea nouchali Food [41]NONE
 Nelumbo nucifera Human medicine [38]; food [41–43]Human medicine; food; fodder
 Nymphoides cristatum N/ANONE
 Ottelia alismoides Food [39]NONE
 Potamogeton nodosus Duck food [42]NONE
 Trapa bispinosa Human medicine [44]Human medicine; food
Emergent  
 Alisma plantago-aquatica N/ANONE
 Cassia sophera Human medicine [45]NONE
 Centella asiatica Human medicine [40, 46–49]; veterinary medicine [32]Human medicine; food
 Cyperus diffuses Fodder [42]NONE
 Cyperus rotundus Human medicine [14, 49]Human medicine; fodder
 Eclipta prostrata Human medicine [14, 42, 49]; food [38]Human medicine; fodder
 Equisetum debile Human medicine [39]Human medicine; green manure
 Fimbristylis dichotoma Fodder [43]NONE
 Hygrophila auriculata Human medicine [43, 50]; food [41]Human medicine
 Ipomea fistulosa N/ANONE
 Ipomea aquatica Human medicine [43, 51]; food [38, 41, 42]Human medicine; fish food; duck food; food
 Limnophila indica Human medicine [39]NONE
 Ludwigia octovalvis Human medicine [38, 39]NONE
 Monochoria vaginalis Human medicine [39, 43]Food
 Phragmites karka Human medicine [38]; fodder [39]; industrial [41]Fodder; industrial use
 Polygonum barbatum Food [41]NONE
 Ranunculus sceleratus Human medicine [43, 52]Human medicine
 Rumex dentatus Human medicine [53]; food [43]; green manure [43]Food; green manure
 Saccharum spontaneum Human medicine [54]; fodder [41, 43]; industrial [39, 41]Fodder; industrial
 Sonchus asper Human medicine [55]NONE
 Typha angustifolia Food [42]; fodder [42]; industrial [39, 42]NONE
Note. Human and veterinary medicine includes the uses of a plant in different ailments by local people in the study area as well as in other parts of South Asia. Food includes vegetables, pickle, and spices consumed by human. Industrial includes use of a plant for handicraft, oils and tannin, and others that can provide direct cash benefit. N/A: information could not be found in the scientific literature by authors. NONE: no use of a plant in the study area so far.