Research Article

Caregiver Burden in Epilepsy: Determinants and Impact

Table 1

Subject characteristics.
(a) Patient characteristics

Epilepsy patients

Demographic characteristics
Age (mean ± SD)36.52 ± 12.47
Gender ( , % female)28 (58.33%)
Race ( , % caucasian)45 (93.75%)
Religion ( , % Christian)38 (80.85%)
Employment ( , % employed)32 (66.67%)
Education ( , % some college and beyond)38 (79.17%)
Living situation ( , % living with family or others)44 (91.67%)
Marital status ( , % married)23 (47.92%)

Epilepsy characteristics
Age of onset of epilepsy (mean ± SD)19.75 ± 14.71
Duration of epilepsy in years (mean ± SD)16.05 ± 13.58
Number of seizures per month (median, IQR)4 ( )
Number of AED (median, IQR)2 ( )
Compliance ( , % compliant)39 (84.78%)
Type of seizures
 Partial without generalization12 (25%)
 Primarily generalized4 (8.3%)
 Partial with secondary generalization32 (66.67%)
Etiology
 Symptomatic31 (64.58%)
 Cryptogenic13 (27.08%)
 Idiopathic4 (8.33%)

Paraclinical characteristics
AEDs level
 Within reference range27 (75%)
 Below reference range5 (13.89%)
 Above reference range4 (11.11%)
EEG posterior dominant rhythm9.43 ± 1.15
EEG findings
 Slowing6 (12.77%)
 Interictal spikes23 (48.94%)
 Normal18 (38.30%)
EMU diagnosis
 Left TLE14 (29.17%)
 Right TLE13 (27.08%)
 Bitemporal2 (4.17%)
 Left extra-TLE8 (16.67%)
 Right extra-TLE2 (4.17%)
 Multilobar5 (10.42%)
 IGE4 (8.33%)
MRI Findings ( , % abnormal)33 (68.75%)

Neuropsychological and sleep characteristics
Montreal Cognitive Assessment Score (MoCA)25 ± 4.22
Beck Depression Inventory10.93 ± 8.65
Beck Anxiety Inventory13.02 ± 11.08
Epworth Sleepiness Scale8.19 ± 4.19
Sleep disordered questionnaire for sleep apnea (SDQ-SA)24.70 ± 8.91

Quality of life characteristics (QOLIE-31)
Seizure worry48.53 ± 30.23
Overall quality of life61.68 ± 22.27
Emotional Wellbeing64.57 ± 20.94
Energy/Fatigue46.46 ± 22.42
Cognitive Functioning55.35 ± 25.76
Medication Effects49.09 ± 25.86
Social Functioning51.60 ± 29.69
Overall Score 55.98 ± 18.44

SD: standard deviation, IQR: inter-quartile range, AEDs: antiepileptic drugs, EMU: epilepsy monitoring unit, EEG: electroencephalogram, TLE: temporal lobe epilepsy, IGE: idiopathic generalized epilepsy, MRI: magnetic resonance imaging, QOLIE-31: Quality of Life 31 questionnaire.
(b) Caregiver characteristics

Caregivers 

Demographic characteristics
Age (mean ± SD)46.18 ± 13.20
Gender ( , % female)33 (68.75%)
Race ( , % caucasian)45 (93.75%)
Religion ( , % Christian)36 (75%)
Relationship to patient ( , %)
 Spouse/partner28 (58.34%)
 Parent/sibling18 (37.50%)
 Other 2 (4.17%)
Employment ( , % employed)34 (70.83%)
Education ( , % some college and beyond)39 (81.25%)
Marital status ( , % married)38 (79.17%)
Cohabitation with patient ( , %)43 (89.58%)
Time spent for patient care (hours) per week11.43 ± 21.22

Quality of life characteristics (SF36v2)
Physical Component Summary (PCS)53.91 ± 8.86
Mental Component Summary (MCS)45.51 ± 11.31

Burden characteristics
Zarit Burden Inventory20.02 ± 14.47

SD: standard deviation, SF36v2: short form 36 health survey version 2.