Research Article
An Empirical Estimation of the Underground Economy in Ghana
Table 1
Taxonomy of types of underground economic activities.
| | Type of activity | Monetary transactions | Nonmonetary transactions |
| | Illegal activities |
Trade with stolen goods, drug dealing and manufacturing, prostitution, gambling, smuggling, fraud, and so forth. |
Barter of drugs, stolen goods, smuggling, and so forth. Produce or growing drugs for own use. Theft for own use. |
| | | Tax evasion | Tax avoidance | Tax evasion | Tax avoidance |
| | Legal activities | Unreported income from self-employment; wages, salaries, and assets from unreported work related to legal services and goods | Employee discounts, fringe benefits | Barter of legal services and goods | All do-it-yourself work and neighbor help |
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Source: taken from Schneider, 2006 [16].
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