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| Oncogenes and tumor suppressors | Tumor suppressor p53 |
| WT1 |
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| Proliferation markers | Ki67 |
| Proliferation cell nuclear antigen or PCNA |
| Topoisomerases: topo II |
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| Cell cycle regulators | Cyclins (E, D1, D3, and A) |
| Cyclin inhibitors: p21, p27, p57, and p16 |
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| Apoptosis | Extrinsic apoptotic pathway |
| TRAIL and receptors |
| TRAIL-R1/DR-4 and TRAIL-R2/DR-5 |
| TRAIL-R3/DcR1, TRAIL-R4/Dcr2, and TRAIL-R5 |
| Fas and Fas-L |
| Intrinsic apoptotic pathway |
| The Bcl-2 family members (Bax and Bcl-2) |
| Caspases |
| Initiator: caspase-8 |
| Effector: caspase-3/CPP32 |
| Inhibitor of apoptosis (IAPs) including Survivin and X-linked IAP (XIAP) |
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DNA repair enzymes: BRCA1 and BRCA2, PARP-1, and ERCC1 |
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Markers of angiogenesis | Markers of microvascular density (CD31 and CD34) |
| Markers of proteins involved in angiogenesis (VEGF, HIF, COX-2, and MMPs especially MMP-9 and MMP-7) |
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| Immunological factors | T-cells, inhibitory T-Regs cells, cytokines, and costimulatory or inhibitory molecules expressed by immune cells or tumor cells |
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| Tyrosine kinase receptors (TKR) | Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Her-2, ErbB3, and ErbB4 |
| Ephrin B receptors and other TKR |
| EphB4 |
| Hepatocyte growth factor receptor (Hgf/Met) and its ligand, c-Met |
| The signaling pathway of tyrosine kinase receptors: Erk, PI3K, Akt, and NF-BI |
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Epithelial-cadherin/beta-catenin |
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