Reaction Model compound Hybrid References Oxidative desulfurization Benzothiophene (BT), 5-methylbenzothiophenes (5-MBT) dibenzothiophenes (DBT) Quaternary ammonium POMs complexes; [(C18 H37 )2 N+ (CH3 )2 ]3 [PW12 O40 ] and [(C18 H37 )N(CH3 )3 ]4 [H2 NaPW10 O40 ] [49 –51 ] 4-6 dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT) + H2 O2 and real diesel DBT + H2 O2 Surfactant type POMs [(n-C8 H17 )3 N(CH3 )3 ]3 { PO4 [XO(O)2 ]2 } 4 , [(n-C12 H25 )3 NCH3 ]3 { PO4 [XO(O)2 ]2 } 4 , X = Mo and W [52 , 53 ] BT, DBT, 4,6-DMDBT + H2 O2 [Bmim]3 [PMo12 O40 ] (1-butyl 3-methyl imidazolium phosphomolybdate) [54 ] BT, DBT and 4,6-DMDBT + H2 O2 [Hmim]5 [PMo10 V2 O40 ] [55 ] Real diesel oil [MIMPS]3 PW12 O40 ·2H2 O (1-(3-sulfonic group) propyl-3-methyl imidazolium phosphotungstate), [Bmim]3 PW12 O40 (1-butyl 3-methyl imidazolium phosphotungstate), [Bmim]3 PMo12 O40 [Bmim]4 SiW12 O40 . [56 ] DBTO + H2 O2 Phosphotungstic acid containing ionic liquid immobilized on magnetic mesoporous silica [57 ] Epoxidation Olefins + H2 O2 Peroxotungstate dihydroimidazolium-based hybrid on modified SiO2 [58 ] Methyl-9,10, octadecenoate + H2 O2 + O2 Peroxotungstate immobilized on amphiphilic resin using the methylimidazole and imidazole based ionic liquids with different alkyl substitutes (from C6 to C12 ) as a linkers [63 ] Cyclooctene + H2 O2 [[n-C16 H33 N(CH3 )3 ]4 Na3 PW11 O39 ] Venturello’s anion coupled with alkylimidazolium cations, heteropolytungstate-ionic liquidmodified silica magnetite particles [72 ] [77 ] [78 ] Oleic acid + H2 O2
Q3 { PO4 [WO(O2 )2 ]4 } (Q = quaternary ammonium) [76 ] Alcohols oxidation benzyl alcohol + H2 O2 H3 PW12 O40 on 1-(3-aminopropyl)-3-propylimidazolium bromine modified SBA 15 [59 ] Variety of benzylic alcohols + H2 O2 Phosphotungstic based ionic liquid complex immobilized on mesoporous silica [61 ] Variety of benzylic and aliphatic secondary alcohols 1-methyl-3-butylimidazolium decatungstate [bmim][W10 O23 ] [64 ] Benzene oxidation + O2 + ascorbic acid [(C4 H9 )4 N]m [XW11 YO39 H2 O] where X = P5+ , Si4+ , Ge4+ , B3+ and Y = Ti4+ , V5+ , Cr3+ , Mn2+ , Fe3+ , Co2+ , Ni2+ , Cu2+ , Zn2+ [65 ] Methanol + O2 Bmim3 PMo12 O40 and Bmim3 PW12 O40 [91 , 92 ] Hydroxylation Benzene + H2 O2 Dicationic (dimethyl diimidazolium)
[66 , 67 ] Esterification Palmitic acid to biodiesel Keggin tungstophosphate complex SO3 H functionalized zwitterion [68 ] Variety of monocarboxylic acids with monohydric alcohols Imidazolium based [MIMPS]3 PW12 O40 , pyridinium based-[PyPS]3 PW12 O40 and alkyl ammonium [TEAPS]3 PW12 O40 [69 , 70 ] Transesterification Trimethylolpropane + various fatty acid methyl esters Imidazolium based [MIMPS]3 PW12 O40 , pyridinium based-[PyPS]3 PW12 O40 , and alkyl ammonium [TEAPS]3 PW12 O40 [71 ]