Research Article

Development of Estimation Force Feedback Torque Control Algorithm for Driver Steering Feel in Vehicle Steer by Wire System: Hardware in the Loop

Figure 21

Steering torque estimation response at 120 km/h.
(a) Steering wheel angle at 120 km/h
(b) Steering torque estimation at 120 km/h
(c) Steering torque estimation against steering wheel angle at 120 km/h