Review Article
Human Urine Proteomics: Analytical Techniques and Clinical Applications in Renal Diseases
Table 1
Putative biomarkers for diabetic nephropathy discovered in urine proteome analysis.
| Protein biomarkers | Up/downregulation | Cohort | Technique | Type of biomarker | Reference |
| Pancreatic amylase deoxyribonuclease I | ↓ | Healthy controls () and diabetic patients () | 8-plex iTRAQ | Diagnostic | [80] |
| CD36 | ↑ | Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) with normoalbuminuria () and T2DM with microalbuminuria () and T2DM with macroalbuminuria () | ELISA | Prognostic | [118] |
| Podocyte-secreted Angptl4 | ↑ | Diabetic rats | ELISA | diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker | [119] |
| Gelsolin and antithrombin-III | | | GeLC-MS/MS | Diagnostic | [120] |
| Ephrin type-B receptor 4 and vitamin K-dependent protein Z | | | GeLC-MS/MS | Prognostic | [120] |
| AMBP, MLL3, and VDAC1 | | | LC-MS/MS | Diagnostic | [121] |
| Fetuin-A | ↑ | DN patients () | Lectin microarray | Prognostic | [122] |
| Collagen fragments (specially collagen α-1(I) chain) | ↓ | DN patients () | CE-MS | Diagnostic | [79] |
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