Research Article
Singapore General Hospital Experience on Ethnicity and the Incidence of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting after Elective Orthopaedic Surgeries
Table 1
Comparison of Chinese, Malay, and Indian characteristics of study group.
| | | Chinese | Malay | Indian | values | | | () | () | () |
| | Patient characteristics | | | | | | Age, mean (SD), years | 58.3 (±15.9) | 48.8 (±15.8) | 51.5 (±16.6) | 0.000 | | Females, % | 63.7 | 53.9 | 45.6 | 0.006 | | History of PONV, % | 8.2 | 11.8 | 6.2 | 0.416 | | Smokers, % | 11.1 | 26.3 | 19.1 | 0.000 | | ASA status, % | | | | | | I | 20.8 | 28.9 | 20.6 | 0.108 | | II | 63.0 | 48.7 | 63.2 | | III & IV | 16.2 | 22.4 | 16.2 | | General anaesthesia, % | 71.1 | 72.4 | 80.9 | 0.231 | | Received preoperative antiemetics, % | 7.9 | 9.2 | 8.8 | 0.905 | | Received intraoperative antiemetics, % | 37.2 | 44.7 | 48.5 | 0.104 | | Received opioids, % | 90.0 | 85.5 | 91.2 | 0.441 | | Anaesthetic | | | | | | Nitrous oxide use, % | 34.2 | 46.1 | 41.2 | 0.084 | | Use of volatile agents, % | 68.8 | 69.7 | 80.9 | 0.120 | | Surgical | | | | | | Duration of surgery, % | | | | | | <3 h | 76.3 | 80.3 | 77.9 | 0.701 | | 3 to <4 h | 15.7 | 11.8 | 19.1 | | 4 to <5 h | 7.8 | 7.9 | 2.9 | | 5 h and more | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
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