Paleocurrents, Paleohydraulics, and Palaegeography of Miocene-Pliocene Siwalik Foreland Basin of India
Table 1
Lithological and sedimentary characters of the Middle Siwalik Subgroup, Kuluchaur, Uttarakhand.
Subgroup
Dominant lithology
Bedding characteristics and geometry
Textural attributes
Coarse to medium sandstone: salt and pepper grey to white color constitutes about 70–80% (by volume) of the total strata; thickness ranges between 8 and 15 m, grade into fine sandstone both vertically and laterally.
Thin (30 cm) to very thickly bedded (20 m); bedding sharp to wavy; sandstone occurring in both multilateral and multistorey bodies.
Generally coarse to medium grade but very coarse grains and few pebbles occur as lenses. Most detrital grains are subangular and subrounded, moderately to poor sorted.
Middle Siwalik (Early Miocene to Pliocene)
Fine sandstone: grey, brown to yellowish white, constitutes about 5–12% of total bulk of strata; generally forms upper part of coarse to medium sandstone; it is overlain or interbedded; thickness varies between 1 and 10 m.
Thin bedded; gradational lower contact and sharp upper contact; impersistent laterally and vertically.
Fine to medium grained; subangular; sorting moderate to poor.
Variegated mudstone: constitutes about 10–20% (by volume) of the strata, occurs below coarse to medium sandstone or above fine sandstone; thickness varies from a few meters to decameter.
Sharp contact with underlying units; bedding plane straight to wavy; laterally impersistent.
