Research Article

Reliability and Accuracy of Angular Measurements on Laser Scanning Created 3D Models of Dry Skulls

Table 3

Means of the digitally and directly taken angles based on the two trials of both observers. Measurement and relative errors calculated on the basis of the digital and direct measurements of the first observer.

Angles⁢Digital measurements
⁢/in degrees/
Direct measurements
/in degrees/
Measurement error
(mean ± SD)
/in degrees/
Relative error
(mean ± SD)
/in %/
Observer IObserver IIObserver I

Facial profile angle84.4684.0983.600.86 ± 0.801.03 ± 0.99
Nasal profile angle85.3785.9785.330.04 ± 1.080.02 ± 1.22
Alveolar profile angle75.7777.5774.800.97 ± 1.261.31 ± 1.72
Frontal profile angle86.0184.3185.800.21 ± 1.080.22 ± 1.31
Frontal slope angle48.7948.7648.400.39 ± 0.660.84 ± 1.37
Nasomalar angle142.19141.74141.071.12 ± 0.940.80 ± 0.66
Zygomaxillary angle125.56125.10124.870.70 ± 1.080.54 ± 0.85