|
Factors | Barrier | Facilitator | Insignificant | Total |
|
Individual factors | 136 | 81 | 111 | 328 |
|
(A) Sociodemographic characteristics | 57 | 35 | 61 | 153 |
(1) Age | 14 | 11 | 19 | 44 |
(1.1) Younger age | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(1.2) Older age | — | 1 | — | 1 |
(1.3) Childhood 12 years and under | — | 2 | — | 2 |
(1.4) Under 30 years including 34 years and under | 10 | 1 | 7 | 18 |
(1.5) 30 years old and over | 3 | 7 | 12 | 22 |
(2) Gender | 6 | — | 3 | 9 |
(2.1) Female | 3 | — | 1 | 4 |
(2.2) Male | 3 | — | 2 | 5 |
(3) Sexual orientation | 4 | 1 | 2 | 7 |
(3.1) Heterosexual | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
(3.2) Bisexual or heterosexual | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(3.3) Transgender | — | — | 1 | 1 |
(3.4) Other orientation | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(4) Education | 5 | 4 | 3 | 12 |
(4.1) None or low education | 4 | — | 2 | 6 |
(4.2) High school education and more | 1 | 4 | 1 | 6 |
(5) Marital status | 1 | 3 | 6 | 10 |
(5.1) Single/unmarried | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
(5.2) Married/living with partner | — | 1 | 1 | 2 |
(5.3) Divorced/separated | — | — | 3 | 3 |
(5.4) Widowed | — | 1 | 1 | 2 |
(6) Occupation | 1 | 3 | 8 | 12 |
(6.1) Working | — | 3 | 8 | 11 |
(6.2) Other occupation | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(7) Living condition | 1 | — | 1 | 2 |
(7.1) Incarcerated | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(7.2) Homeless | — | — | 1 | 1 |
(8) Residence | 2 | 4 | 5 | 11 |
(8.1) Urban | 1 | 4 | 5 | 10 |
(8.2) Rural | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(9) Place of birth | 3 | 7 | 2 | 12 |
(9.1) From other city | — | 1 | — | 1 |
(9.2) From other province | — | 1 | — | 1 |
(9.3) Abroad/overseas | — | 1 | 1 | 2 |
(9.4) Different parts of Vietnam | 3 | 3 | 1 | 7 |
(9.5) Other place of birth | — | 1 | — | 1 |
(10) Nationality | 2 | — | 1 | 3 |
(10.1) From another country | 2 | — | — | 2 |
(10.2) From a tribe | — | — | 1 | 1 |
(11) Ethnicity | 13 | 2 | 8 | 23 |
(11.1) Black | 5 | 1 | 3 | 9 |
(11.2) Hispanic/Latino | 5 | — | 2 | 7 |
(11.3) Asian/Pacific islander | — | 1 | 2 | 3 |
(11.4) Native American/Alaskan | 2 | — | 1 | 3 |
(11.5) White | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(12) Religion | 1 | — | 3 | 4 |
(12.1) Christian | — | — | 3 | 3 |
(12.2) Muslim | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(13) Weeks of gestation | 3 | — | — | 3 |
(13.1) Fewer than 35 | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(13.2) More than 35 | 2 | — | — | 2 |
(14) Having 5 or fewer children | 1 | — | — | 1 |
|
(B) Risky behaviors | 39 | 21 | 24 | 84 |
(I) Self-reported risks | 35 | 20 | 24 | 79 |
(1) Number of sex partners | 7 | 2 | 8 | 17 |
(1.1) One | — | — | 2 | 2 |
(1.2) 2 to 5 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
(1.3) More than 5 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 8 |
(1.4) Multiple | 3 | — | — | 3 |
(2) MSM | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 |
(3) Sex work | 5 | 3 | 1 | 9 |
(4) Condom use | 2 | 3 | 4 | 9 |
(4.1) Protected sex | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 |
(4.2) Unprotected sex | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
(5) Particular sex behavior | 1 | 2 | — | 3 |
(5.1) Oral sex | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(5.2) Overseas partners | — | 1 | — | 1 |
(5.3) Sex with casual partner | — | 1 | — | 1 |
(6) Ever had sex | — | 1 | 1 | 2 |
(6.1) Had sex | — | — | 1 | 1 |
(6.2) No sex | — | 1 | — | 1 |
(7) History of STD other than HIV | 5 | 4 | 1 | 10 |
(8) IDU | 8 | 1 | 3 | 12 |
(8.1) User | 8 | 1 | 2 | 11 |
(8.2) Nonuser | — | — | 1 | 1 |
(9) Other drug use | 3 | — | 1 | 4 |
(10) Blood-related risks | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
(10.1) Blood transfusion | 1 | 1 | — | 2 |
(10.2) Blood contact through behavior | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(10.3) Hemophilia | — | — | 1 | 1 |
(11) Alcohol consumption | 1 | — | 1 | 2 |
(11.1) Occasional drinker | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(11.2) Daily drinker | — | — | 1 | 1 |
(12) Other self-reported risks | — | 1 | — | 1 |
(II) Symptoms | 4 | 1 | — | 5 |
(1) Genital/anal symptoms | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(2) Loss of weight | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(3) Prenatal care | 1 | 1 | — | 2 |
(3.1) Low prenatal care | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(3.2) Had prenatal care | — | 1 | — | 1 |
(4) Other symptoms | 1 | — | — | 1 |
|
(C) Perception of risk | 5 | 1 | 8 | 14 |
(1) Level of perception | 5 | 1 | 8 | 14 |
(1.1) No risk | 2 | — | — | 2 |
(1.2) Low risk | 1 | — | 2 | 3 |
(1.3) Medium risk/some risk | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
(1.4) High risk | 1 | — | 4 | 5 |
(1.5) Unknown risk | — | — | 1 | 1 |
|
(D) HIV knowledge | 6 | 2 | — | 8 |
(1) Level of knowledge | 6 | 2 | — | 8 |
(1.1) No/low knowledge | 3 | 1 | — | 4 |
(1.2) Have knowledge | 2 | 1 | — | 3 |
(1.3) No knowledge about ART availability | 1 | — | — | 1 |
|
(E) Visiting reason | 8 | 10 | 6 | 24 |
(1) Compulsory | — | 1 | — | 1 |
(2) HIV testing | 2 | 3 | — | 5 |
(3) STI screening | — | 1 | — | 1 |
(4) Have symptoms | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(5) Risk behavior taking | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
(6) Partner-related reasons | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
(6.1) Partner is infected | — | — | 1 | 1 |
(6.2) Partner is at high risk | — | 1 | — | 1 |
(6.3) Current relationship | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(7) Casual contact with HIV-infected person | — | — | 1 | 1 |
(8) Recommended by professional | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
(9) Clinical procedure | — | 1 | — | 1 |
(10) Blood transfusion | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(11) Unknown/other | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
|
(F) HIV test result | 4 | 5 | 4 | 13 |
(1) Positive HIV test | 4 | 4 | 2 | 10 |
(2) Negative HIV test | — | 1 | 2 | 3 |
|
(G) Testing history | 8 | 2 | 6 | 16 |
(1) Prior HIV testing | 4 | 2 | 3 | 9 |
(1.1) Tested previously | 2 | 1 | 3 | 6 |
(1.2) Not tested previously | 2 | 1 | — | 3 |
(2) Prior HIV testing status | 1 | — | 1 | 2 |
(2.1) Prior negative HIV test | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(2.2) Prior negative HIV test | — | — | 1 | 1 |
(3) Previously FTR/return | 3 | — | 2 | 5 |
(3.1) Previously FTR | 3 | — | 1 | 4 |
(3.2) Previously return | — | — | 1 | 1 |
|
(H) Psychosocial factors | 7 | 2 | — | 9 |
(1) Beliefs | 3 | — | — | 3 |
(1.1) Did not believe in self-prevention from HIV | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(1.2) Belief that HIV can be cured | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(1.3) Belief that medical follow-up can improve course of HIV | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(2) Psychological characteristics | 4 | 2 | — | 6 |
(2.1) Self-esteem | — | 1 | — | 1 |
(2.2) Positive coping skills | — | 1 | — | 1 |
(2.3) Anxiety about HIV | 4 | — | — | 4 |
|
(I) Others individual factors | 2 | 3 | 2 | 7 |
(1) Other age-related factors | — | — | 2 | 2 |
(1.1) Over 17 at outset of sexual activity | — | — | 1 | 1 |
(1.2) Over 17 at marriage/cohabitation | — | — | 1 | 1 |
(2) Being disabled | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(3) Treated for drugs | — | 2 | — | 2 |
(4) Health coverage | 1 | 1 | — | 2 |
(4.1) Private coverage | — | 1 | — | 1 |
(4.2) No coverage | 1 | — | — | 1 |
|
Interpersonal factors | 19 | 12 | 15 | 46 |
|
(A) Risky partner behaviors | 9 | 6 | 7 | 22 |
(1) Partner STD infections | 1 | 3 | 1 | 5 |
(1.1) HIV-infected | — | 3 | 1 | 4 |
(1.2) STD-infected | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(2) Partner alcohol/drug use | 2 | — | 2 | 4 |
(2.1) IDU | 1 | — | 2 | 3 |
(2.2) Alcohol consumer | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(3) Partner sexuality | — | — | 2 | 2 |
(3.1) MSM | — | — | 1 | 1 |
(3.2) Bisexuality | — | — | 1 | 1 |
(4) Partner and sex work | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
(4.1) Sex worker | 2 | — | 1 | 3 |
(4.2) Client of sex work | — | 1 | — | 1 |
(5) Partner has multiple sex partners | — | — | 1 | 1 |
(6) Partner is traveling | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(7) Partner did not test | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(8) Partner has other risks/unknown risks | 2 | 2 | — | 4 |
|
(B) Social support | 4 | 5 | 2 | 11 |
(1) Family relationship | — | 2 | 1 | 3 |
(1.1) Living with nonrelatives | — | — | 1 | 1 |
(1.2) Living with spouse | — | 1 | — | 1 |
(1.3) Living with relatives | — | 1 | — | 1 |
(2) Number of gay friends | 3 | — | — | 3 |
(2.1) Few gay friends | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(2.2) Some gay friends | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(2.3) Mostly gay friends | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(3) Having social support | — | 2 | 1 | 3 |
(4) Having a counselor | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(5) Lacking a family confidant | — | 1 | — | 1 |
|
(C) Knowledge of person with HIV | 1 | — | 1 | 2 |
(1) Have knowledge of someone with HIV | 1 | — | 1 | 2 |
|
(D) Other interpersonal factors | 5 | 1 | 5 | 11 |
(1) Partner age | — | — | 3 | 3 |
(1.1) 25 to 34 years old | — | — | 1 | 1 |
(1.2) 34 to 71 years old | — | — | 1 | 1 |
(1.3) Unknown | — | — | 1 | 1 |
(2) Years in couple | 1 | — | 1 | 2 |
(2.1) 3 to 6 years | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(2.2) 7 years and more | — | — | 1 | 1 |
(3) Communication | 1 | 1 | — | 2 |
(3.1) No discussion about reproductive health issues with partner | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(3.2) Desire to share results | — | 1 | — | 1 |
(4) Domestic violence | 3 | — | 1 | 4 |
(4.1) Abuse by partner | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(4.2) Rape | 2 | — | 1 | 3 |
|
Contextual factors | 26 | 6 | 1 | 33 |
|
(1) Type of clinic attended | 17 | 3 | 1 | 21 |
(1.1) Family planning clinic | 2 | — | — | 2 |
(1.2) STD clinic | 2 | 1 | — | 3 |
(1.3) Detention facility | 1 | — | 1 | 2 |
(1.4) Primary care clinic | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(1.5) HIV test clinic | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(1.6) Mobile clinic | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(1.7) Prenatal/obstetric clinic | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(1.8) Drug treatment center | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(1.9) Health department | 2 | — | — | 2 |
(1.10) Outpatient medical service | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(1.11) Private physician | — | 1 | — | 1 |
(1.12) College | — | 1 | — | 1 |
(1.13) Base clinic | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(1.14) Other type of clinic | 3 | — | — | 3 |
(2) Clinic visit (to a facility) | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(3) Counselling (no pretest counselling) | — | 1 | — | 1 |
(4) Year tested | 7 | — | — | 7 |
(4.1) 1998 | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(4.2) 1999 | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(4.3) 2000 | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(4.4) 2001 | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(4.5) 2002 | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(4.6) 2003 | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(4.7) 2004 | 1 | — | — | 1 |
(5) Other contextual factors | 1 | 2 | — | 3 |
(5.1) Condom distribution | — | 1 | — | 1 |
(5.2) Same city as treatment center | — | 1 | — | 1 |
(5.3) Confidential testing | 1 | — | — | 1 |
|
Grand total | 181 | 99 | 127 | 407 |
|