Review Article

Treatment of Skeletal Muscle Injury: A Review

Table 1

Effect of growth factors in musculoskeletal tissues.

Growth factorSkeletal
muscle
Hyaline
cartilage
MeniscusLigamentBone

IGF-1 + + ± ± +
bFGF + + + ± +
NGF +
PDGF ±
EGF + + +
TGF-alpha +
TGF-beta ± + ± ± +
BMP-2 + + +

+Positive effect; no or negative effect; blank: not tested; IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor-1; bFGF: basic fibroblast growth factor; NGF: nerve growth factor; PDGF: platelet-derived growth factor; EGF: epidermal growth factor; TGF: transforming growth factor; BMP-2: bone morphogenetic protein-2.