|
Drug | Method of preparation | Major ingredient | Assembly, device, capsules, and flow rate (L/min) | Percentage of FPF | Reference |
|
Nanoparticles |
Carvedilol | Antisolvent precipitation-ultrasonication followed by LP. | Pluronic F-127, sodium deoxycholate, and mannitol | ACI, Aerolizer®, #3, and 60 for 4 sec | 81.90 ± 4.30 | [25] |
Calcium-disodium EDTA | Antisolvent precipitation followed by SD | Calcium-disodium EDTA and PVA | ACI, HPMC, and 60 for 5 Sec | 67.35 ± 2.27 | [26] |
Salmon calcitonin | Ionic gelation method followed by SD | Sodium tripolyphosphate, chitosan, and Mannitol | ACI, glass inhaler device, and 60 | 63.50 | [27] |
|
Nanoparticle agglomerates |
Budesonide | Antisolvent precipitation-ultrasonication followed by LP | Lecithin, cetyl alcohol, L-leucine, PVP, and Span 85 | ACI and 60 | 95.9 ± 1.5 | [28] |
Levofloxacin | Emulsification solvent-evaporation method followed by SFD | Polycaprolactone, mannitol, and leucine | NGI, powder entrainment tube, and 85 | 30.00 | [29] |
Fluticasone propionate and albuterol sulfate (2 : 1 w/w) | Antisolvent precipitation followed by precipitation and homogenization | Lecithin, cetyl alcohol, L-leucine, PVP-K90, and Pluronic F-127 | ACI, #3 gelatin, and 28.3 for 4 Sec | Fluticasone propionate, 84 ± 7, and albuterol sulfate, 70 ± 3 | [30] |
Theophylline (nanorods agglomerates) | Antisolvent precipitation-ultrasonication followed by LP | Stearic acid | ACI, Aerolizer, and 60 | 81.9 ± 4.30 | [31] |
|
Microparticulate/nanoparticulate systems |
Azithromycin | co-SD | Methanol | NGI, HandiHaler, #3 HPMC, and 60 for 10 sec | 53.45 ± 3.60 | [32] |
Paclitaxel | co-SD | DPPC and DPPG | NGI, HandiHaler, #3 HPMC, and 60 for 10 sec | 86.7 ± 2.60 | [33] |
Paclitaxel | co-SD | DPPC and DPPE-PEG | NGI, HandiHaler, #3 HPMC, and 60 for 10 sec | 77.9 ± 7.00 | [34] |
Tobramycin | co-SD | Methanol | NGI, HandiHaler, #3 HPMC, and 60 for 10 sec | 28.48 ± 3.39 | [32] |
Tobramycin | Emulsion diffusion followed by co-SD | PLGA and PVA | MSLI, Turbospin, and gelatin | 52 ± 1.00 | [35] |
Sodium cromoglicate | Liquid antisolvent precipitation followed by immediate SD | Deionized water | MSLI, monodose inhaler device, #3 HPMC, and 60 | 62.02 ± 2.12 | [36] |
|