Dry Powder Inhalers: A Focus on Advancements in Novel Drug Delivery Systems

Table 5

Microspheres inhaled formulation along with their key findings.

Drug	Method of preparation	Major ingredient	Assembly, device, capsules, and flow rate (L/min)	Percentage of FPF	Reference
Microspheres
Levofloxacin	SD	Chitosan and glutaric acid	NGI, HandiHaler, #3 gelatin, and 60 for 4 sec	32.3 ± 4.0	[65]
Montelukast sodium	SD	Xyloglucan	ACI, Rotahaler, HPMC, and 60 for 4 sec	43.8	[66]
Rifampicin	SE followed by FD	PLGA	NGI and 30 for 10 sec	52.00	[67]
Salbutamol sulfate	RE	Salbutamol sulfate coated by 2% MgSt, polycaprolactone, and PVA	TSI, Rotahaler, #3 gelatin, and 60	15.8 ± 1.5	[68]
Cisplatin	Emulsification and ionotropic gelation method	Chitosan	TSI, Rotahaler, #3 HPMC, and 60	34.4 ± 2.4	[69]

SD: spray drying; FD: freeze drying; RE: rotary evaporation; SE: solvent evaporation; PLGA: poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); MgSt: magnesium stearate; PVA: poly(vinyl alcohol).