Dry Powder Inhalers: A Focus on Advancements in Novel Drug Delivery Systems

Table 6

Summary of the pulmonary delivery of some therapeutic proteins and peptides.

Drug	Method of preparation	Major ingredient	Assembly, device and capsules, flow rate (L/min)	Percentage of FPF	Reference
Glucagon	JM	Pharmatose and erythritol	ACI, Jethaler, #2 HPMC, and 28.3 for 10 sec	33.9	[72]
Glucagon	JM	Citric acid and Respitose® SV003	ACI, Jethaler, #2 HPMC, and 28.3	25.0	[73]
Insulin	SD	Mannitol, bovine serum albumin, and aspartic acid	ACI, Turbospin, #2 HPMC, and 60		[74]
Insulin	HPH followed by SD	Phospholipon® 90 H and hydrogenated soy lecithin	MSLI, Aerolizer, #3 HPMC, and 100 for 2.4 sec		[75]
Influenza; subunit vaccine	SD and SFD	Inulin	MSLI, Twincer®, and 53.7 for 3 sec	37.00 and 23.00	[76]
Pneumococcal surface protein	SD	S. pneumoniae	NGI, Cyclohaler, #3 HPMC, and 60 for 4 sec		[77]
Unfractionated heparin	co-SD	L-Leucine (1% w/w)	TSI, Aerolizer, #3 gelatin, and 60 for 5 sec		[78]
Recombinant human growth hormone	SD	Polysorbate 20, zinc chloride, and lactose	ACI, Spinhaler, #2 gelatin, and 60 for 4 sec	38.52	[79]
Recombinant antigen 85-B	SD	PLGA	ACI and 60 for 4 sec		[80]

SD: spray drying; co-SD: closed spray drying; FD: freeze drying; SFD: spray freeze drying; LP: lyophilization; TFE: thin film evaporation; RE: rotary evaporation; SE: solvent evaporation; TFH: thin film hydration; HPH: high pressure homogenizer; CS: cholesterol; SPC: soybean phosphatidylcholine; HPC: hydrogenated phosphatidylcholine; HSPC: hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine; DPPC: dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine; DPPG: dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol.