Review Article
Impact of Rooftop Photovoltaics on the Distribution System
Table 1
Topics covered by various review publications on the impacts of RES on the grid.
| Source | [26] | [27] | [28] | [29] | [30] | [31] | [32] | [33] | [34] | [24] | [35] | [36] | [37] | [38] | [39] | [40] | [41] | [42] | [43] | [44] | [45] | [46] | [47] | [48] | [49] | [21] | [22] | [50] | [23] | [51] | [52] |
| Impact on the grid | Voltage rise/voltage support | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | | | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | | √ | √ | | | √ | √ | | √ | Voltage fluctuations/flicker | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | | √ | | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | | √ | √ | | √ | √ | √ | | √ | √ | | √ | | √ | √ | √ | Voltage imbalance | √ | | √ | √ | √ | √ | | | | | √ | | √ | √ | | | | √ | | √ | √ | √ | | | √ | | | | √ | √ | √ | Tap operations: VRs and OLTC | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | | √ | | | √ | | | | √ | | √ | √ | | √ | √ | √ | | | | | | | | | √ | System losses | | √ | √ | √ | | √ | √ | √ | √ | | √ | √ | | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | | √ | √ | √ | | | | | | | √ | √ | | Protection/short circuit/faultanalysis | | √ | √ | | √ | √ | | √ | √ | | √ | | √ | √ | √ | | √ | | | √ | | | | | √ | | | √ | √ | | | Voltage sag/swell | √ | √ | | | | | | | √ | | | √ | √ | √ | | | | √ | | √ | √ | | | | | | | | | √ | | Overloading/congestion/reverse power flow | | √ | √ | √ | | √ | √ | | | √ | √ | √ | | | | √ | √ | | | √ | √ | √ | | √ | √ | | | √ | √ | √ | √ | Islanding | | √ | √ | √ | | √ | | √ | √ | | | | | | | | √ | | | √ | √ | √ | | | √ | | | √ | | √ | | Reliability | | | √ | | | | √ | | | | | √ | | | √ | √ | √ | | | √ | | √ | | √ | √ | √ | | √ | | | | Security | | | | | | | | | √ | | | √ | | | | | | | | | | √ | | | √ | √ | | √ | | | | Harmonics/DC offset | | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | | √ | | | √ | | √ | | √ | √ | | √ | √ | √ | √ | | Stability | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | | √ | √ | √ | √ | | | √ | √ | √ | √ | | √ | √ | | | | √ | √ | √ | | Electric devices: transformers, lines, etc. | | | √ | √ | | | | | | | √ | | | | | | | | | | | √ | | | | | | | | √ | √ | Peak load shaving | | | √ | | | √ | | | √ | | √ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | √ | | | √ | | | | Economic analysis/electricity market | | | | | | | √ | | | √ | √ | √ | | √ | | √ | | | | | | | √ | √ | √ | | | | | | | Grid frequency | | √ | √ | | √ | | | | √ | √ | | √ | | √ | | | | | √ | √ | √ | | √ | √ | √ | | | √ | | √ | | Environment | | | | | | | √ | | √ | | √ | √ | | √ | | √ | | | | | | | | | √ | | | √ | | | | Planning and expansion/energy savings/maximum penetration | √ | √ | √ | | √ | √ | √ | √ | | | √ | √ | | | | | √ | | | | | | | | | | | √ | | | |
| Scope of review | Distribution level | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | | | √ | √ | √ | Transmission level | | | √ | | √ | | √ | | √ | | | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | | √ | | | | √ | √ | √ | | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | Defining indices for quantifying the impacts of RES | | √ | | | | √ | √ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | √ | √ | | | | | Only PV | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | | | √ | √ | √ | | | | | | | √ | √ | | | √ | √ | | | √ | | | | √ | √ | Distinguish between different PV scales (i.e. rooftop vs. PV plants) | | | √ | √ | | | | | | | √ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | √ | √ | √ | | | | Mitigating techniques | PV reactive power | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | | √ | √ | √ | √ | | | | | √ | | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | | | | | √ | √ | √ | √ | PV power curtailment | | √ | | | | | | | | √ | | | | | | | | √ | √ | √ | | √ | | | | | | √ | √ | | √ | VRs and OLTC | √ | | | | | | | √ | | √ | √ | | | | | | | | | | √ | √ | | | | | | √ | √ | √ | √ | Energy storage/UPS | √ | | √ | | √ | √ | | | √ | | | | √ | | | | | √ | | √ | √ | √ | √ | | | | | √ | √ | √ | √ | Capacitor banks | √ | | | | | | | √ | √ | | √ | | √ | | | | | | | √ | √ | √ | | | | | | √ | √ | | √ | Controller design/network management | √ | | | | | | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | | √ | √ | √ | | √ | √ | √ | √ | | √ | | √ | | √ | √ | √ | √ | Demand response | | | | | √ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | √ | √ | | | | | | | | | | SVC | | | | | | | | √ | | | √ | | | | | | | | | √ | √ | √ | | | | | | | √ | | √ | Filters for harmonics | | | | | √ | | | | √ | | | | | | √ | | | | | √ | | √ | | | | | | | √ | √ | √ | MPPT | | | | | | | | | √ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | √ | | | | | | | | √ | UPFC/SSSC | √ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | √ | | | | | | | | | | √ | | Network reconfiguration/DG allocation/grounding modification | √ | | | √ | | | √ | √ | | | √ | | | | | √ | √ | | | √ | √ | | | | | | | | √ | | √ | DSTATCOM or STATCOM | √ | | | | | | | √ | | | √ | | | | | | | | | √ | | √ | | | | | | | √ | √ | √ | Voltage restorers/DVR | √ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | √ | | √ | | | | | | | | | √ | System monitoring/forecasting | | | √ | √ | √ | | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | | √ | | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | | √ | | | | | | | | √ | |
| Miscellaneous | Policy and standards | | | | | √ | | | | √ | | | | | | | | √ | | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | | | | √ | √ | | | | Installed capacity | √ | | √ | √ | | | √ | | | √ | √ | | | | | | | | | | √ | √ | √ | | | | | √ | | | √ | Concept Of RES/definition of DG | | | | √ | | | √ | | | | | √ | | | | | | | √ | √ | | | | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | | | | Case study is included | | | | √ | | | | | | | √ | √ | | | | | | | | | | | | √ | | | | √ | | | | Benefits of DGs, connection between RES and markets | | | | | | √ | | | √ | | | √ | | | | | | | | | | | | | √ | | | | | | | Historical perspective/future perspective | √ | | | √ | √ | | | | | √ | √ | | | | | | | | √ | | | | | | | | | | √ | | | Discussion of software computational tools | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | √ | | | | | | | | | | | | Cloud pattern | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | √ | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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