Impact of Rooftop Photovoltaics on the Distribution System

Table 2

Definitions used for PV penetration level.

Definition of PV penetration level	Reference
Ratio of total PV power to total demand, peak demand, feeder capacity, or main transformer capacity. This could involve either the instantaneous or the rated powers.	[1, 3–5, 11, 15, 16, 27, 53–129]
Ratio of the number of houses with PVs relative to the total number of houses.	[130–144]
Penetration level not defined. Instead, the total kW of PVs and loads are reported.	[19,128,145–214]
Ratio of the total PV power to the total load (demand and losses).	[215]
Ratio of total PV power to the total conventional generation.	[216–219]
Ratio of the roof area covered by PVs to the total roof area.	[220]
Ratio of the reverse power at the main substation transformer to the total power of the system.	[221]
Ratio of the instantaneous power by PV relative to the sum of both instantaneous powers of PV and load, which is referred to as the self-consumption rate (SCR).	[222]